Levins R. The strategy of model building in population biology. Am Sci. 1966;54:421–31.
Chalmers A. What is this thing called science? 4th ed. Hackett Publishing Company, University of Queensland Press; 2013. 304 p
Lepeltier T. Histoire et philosophie des sciences. Sciences Humaines. 2022.
Steele J. Preprint version—foundations of scientific research in the sport and exercise sciences. In: Dolan E, Steele J, editors. Research methods in sport and exercise science: an open access primer. society for transparency, openness, and replication in kinesiology; 2024. https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.366.
Bailer-Jones DM. Scientific models in philosophy of science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 2009.
Page SE. The model thinker: what you need to know to make data work for you. London: Basic Books; 2018.
Hillis WD. Why physicists like models and why biologists should. Curr Biol. 1993;3:79–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90159-l.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hickson M. The necessity of philosophy in the exercise sciences. Philosophies. 2019;4:45. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies4030045.
Hicks JL, Uchida TK, Seth A, Rajagopal A, Delp SL. Is my model good enough? Best practices for verification and validation of musculoskeletal models and simulations of movement. J Biomech Eng. 2015;137: 020905. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029304.
Lloyd DG, Jonkers I, Delp SL, Modenese L. The history and future of neuromusculoskeletal biomechanics. J Appl Biomech. 2023;39:273–83. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2023-0165.
Wakeling JM, Febrer-Nafría M, De Groote F. A review of the efforts to develop muscle and musculoskeletal models for biomechanics in the last 50 years. J Biomech. 2023;155: 111657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111657.
Foster C. In quest of the unified field theory of exercise training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2014-0542.
McLean S, Robertson S, Salmon PM. Complexity and systems thinking in sport. J Sports Sci. 2024;43(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2388428.
Mitchell M, Newman M. Complex systems theory and evolution. Encycl Evol. 2002;1:1–5.
Drake J, Finke A, Ferguson R. All models are wrong, but some are more wrong than others. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05363-.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Drake J, Finke A, Ferguson R. Modelling human endurance: power laws vs critical power. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05274-5.
Briand J, Tremblay J, Thibault G. Can popular high-intensity interval training (HIIT) models lead to impossible training sessions? Sports (Basel). 2022;10:15. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10010010.
Robergs RA, Opeyemi O, Torrens S. How to be a better scientist: lessons from scientific philosophy, the historical development of science, and past errors within exercise physiology. Sports Med Health Sci. 2022;4:140–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2022.04.001.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Suchak T, Aliu AE, Harrison C, Zwiggelaar R, Geifman N, Spick M. Explosion of formulaic research articles, including inappropriate study designs and false discoveries, based on the NHANES US national health database. PLoS Biol. 2025;23: e3003152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003152.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ditroilo M, Mesquida C, Abt G, Lakens D. Exploratory research in sport and exercise science: perceptions, challenges, and recommendations. J Sports Sci. 2025;43:1108–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2486871.
Robinaugh DJ, Haslbeck JMB, Ryan O, Fried EI, Waldorp LJ. Invisible hands and fine calipers: a call to use formal theory as a toolkit for theory construction. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2021;16:725–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620974697.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Williams AM, Ward P. Searching for the Holy Grail: can there ever be such a thing as a “Grand Unified Theory of sports performance”? Hum Mov Sci. 2017;56:181–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.04.012.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Foster D, Anholm J, Best T, Boullosa D, Cresswell SL, Koning RH, et al. Scientific discovery and its role in sports science. Kinesiology. 2016;48:274–84.
Halperin I, Vigotsky AD, Foster C, Pyne DB. Strengthening the practice of exercise and sport-science research. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13:127–34.
Bernards JR, Sato K, Haff GG, Bazyler CD. Current research and statistical practices in sport science and a need for change. Sports. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5040087.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Perry JL, Nicholls AR, Clough PJ, Crust L. Assessing model fit: caveats and recommendations for confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2015;19:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2014.952370.
Morton RH. The critical power and related whole-body bioenergetic models. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96:339–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0088-2.
Pires FO. Lessons from a broad view of science: a response to Dr Robergs’ article. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4: e000353. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000353.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Robergs RA. Lessons from Popper for science, paradigm shifts, scientific revolutions and exercise physiology. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2017;3: e000226. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000226.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schlick M, Rynin D. Positivism and realism. Synthese 1948;7(6-B):478–505.
Otoo BK. A reflective paper. J Educ Thought (JET). 2020;53:67–88.
Junjie M, Yingxin M. The discussions of positivism and interpretivism. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci. 2022;4(1):10–14.
Pompeu FAMS. Why Pheidippides could not believe in the “Central Governor Model”: Popper’s philosophy applied to choose between two exercise physiology theories. Sports Med Health Sci. 2022;4:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2021.10.001.
Pompeu FAMS. A little bit more about Popper’s philosophy. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4: e000401. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000401.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Popper K. The logic of scientific discovery. London: Routledge; 2005.
Vickers B. Francis bacon and the progress of knowledge. J Hist Ideas. 1992;53:495.
Hill AV. The physiological basis of athletic records. Sci Mon. 1925;21:409–28.
Erren TC. The case for a posteriori hypotheses to fuel scientific progress. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69:448–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.013.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mangin T, Pageaux B. It is time to stop using the terminology "passive" fatigue. Motiv Sci. 2024;11(1):125–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000375.
Glazier PS. Towards a grand unified theory of sports performance. Hum Mov Sci. 2017;56:139–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.001.
Oxford English Dictionary. Performance, N., Sense 1.e. Oxford University Press; 2023.
Pageaux B, Lepers R. The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance. Prog Brain Res. 2018;240:291–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.004.
Åstrand P-O, Rodahl K, Dahl H, Strömme SB. Textbook of work physiology: physiological bases of exercise. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2003.
Thicke M. Evaluating formal models of science. Z Allg Wissenschaftstheor. 2020;51:315–35.
Roberts S, Pashler H. How persuasive is a good fit? A comment on theory testing. Psychol Rev. 2000;107:358–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.358.
Comments (0)