Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Meuer SM. The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the beaver dam eye study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2000;98:133–41.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rogers S, McIntosh RL, Cheung N, Lim L, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al. The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion: pooled data from population studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:313-9.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noma H, Yasuda K, Shimura M. Cytokines and pathogenesis of central retinal vein occlusion. J Clin Med. 2020;9:3457.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Noma H, Yasuda K, Shimura M. Cytokines and pathogenesis of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019:5185128. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5185128.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM, Nguyen QD, Ying H, Do DV, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: implication of VEGF as a critical stimulator. Mol Ther. 2008;16:791–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boyd SR, Zachary I, Chakravarthy U, Wisdom GB, Cree IA, Martin JF, et al. Correlations of increased vascular endothelial growth factor with neovascularization and permeability in ischemic central vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1644–50.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Noma H, Mimura T, Eguchi S. Association of inflammatory factors with macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:160–5.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heier JS, Clark WL, Boyer DS, Brown DM, Haller JA, Vitti R, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: 52-week results of the VIBRANT study. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:330–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Singh RP, Li Z, Gray S, Saroj N, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary endpoint results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:1124-33.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campochiaro PA, Bhisitkul RB, Shapiro H, Rubio RG. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes progressive retinal nonperfusion in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:795–802.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hikichi T, Higuchi M, Matsushita T, Kosaka S, Matsushita R, Takami K, et al. Two-year outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:7195–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, Basu K, Eichenbaum DA, Haskova Z, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in diabetic macular edema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomized, double-masked, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2022;399:741–55.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khan M, Aziz A, Shafi NA, Abas T, Khanani AM. Targeting angiopoietin in retinal vascular diseases: a literature review and summary of clinical trials involving faricimab. Cells. 2020;9:1869.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Joussen AM, Ricci F, Paris LP, Korn C, Quezada-Ruiz C, Zarbin M. Angiopoietin/Tie 2 signalling and its role in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases: a review of preclinical data. Eye. 2021;35:1305–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Apte RS. Regulation of angiogenesis by macrophages. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;664:15–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Collazos-Aleman JD, Gnecco-Gonzalez S, Jaramillo-Zarama B, Jimenez-Mora MA, Mendivil CO. The role of angiopoietins in neovascular diabeties-related retinal diseases. Diabetes Ther. 2022;13:1811–21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sahni S, Patel SS, Dugel PU, Khanani AM, Jhaveri CD, Wykoff CC, et al. Simultaneous inhibition of angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-a with faricimab in diabetic macular edema: BOULEVARD phase 2 randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:1155–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borchert GA, Kilre CA, Stone NM, Akil H, Gkika T, Fischer D, et al. Real-world outcomes of faricimab treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema. Eye. 2024;38:3569–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tadayoni R, Paris LP, Danzig CJ, Abreu F, Khanani AM, Brittain C, et al. Efficacy and safety of faricimab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion: 24-week results from the BALATON and COMINO trials. Ophthalmology. 2024;131:950–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laouri M, Chen E, Looman M, Gallagher M. The burden of disease of retinal vein occlusion: review of the literature. Eye (Lond). 2011;25:981–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bland JM, Altman DG. Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. BMJ. 1995;310:170.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Karia N. Retinal vein occlusion: pathophysiology and treatment options. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:809–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deobhakta A, Chang LK. Inflammation in retinal vein occlusion. Int J Inflamm. 2013;2013:438412.

Google Scholar 

Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Viegand SJ, Radziejewski C, et al. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonisit for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science. 1997;277:55–60.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fiedler U, Reiss Y, Scharpfenecker M, Grunow V, Koidl S, Thurston G, et al. Angiopoietin-2 sensitizes endothelial cells to TNF-alpha and has a crucial role in the induction of inflammation. Nat Med. 2006;12:235–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kurobe R, Hirano Y, Yuguchi T, Suzuki N, Yasukawa T. Severe macular ischemia is associated with a poor visual prognosis and serious complications in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion. J Clin Med. 2023;12:6710.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Mir TA, Scott AW, Solomon S, Zimmer-Galler I, et al. Scatter photocoagulation does not reduce macular edema or treatment burden in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1426–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Branch retinal vein occlusion. natural history of visual outcome. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:13–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McIntosh RL, Rogers SL, Lim L, Cheung N, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al. Natural history of central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systemic review. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:1113-23.e15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heier JS, Clark WL, Boyer DS, Brown DM, Vitti R, Berliner AJ, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion: two-year results from the COPERNICUS study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:1414-20.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar