Apellaniz B, Huarte N, Largo E, Nieva JL (2014) The three lives of viral fusion peptides. Chem Phys Lipids 181:40–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.03.003

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Basso LGM, Zeraik AE, Felizatti AP, Costa-Filho AJ (2021) Membranotropic and biological activities of the membrane fusion peptides from SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein: the importance of the complete internal fusion peptide domain. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 1863(11):183697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183697

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benton DJ, Wrobel AG, Xu P, Roustan C, Martin SR, Rosenthal PB, Skehel JJ, Gamblin SJ (2020) Receptor binding and priming of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for membrane fusion. Nature 588(7837):327–330. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2772-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blobel G, Dobberstein B (1975) Transfer of proteins across membranes. I. Presence of proteolytically processed and unprocessed nascent immunoglobulin light chains on membrane-bound ribosomes of murine myeloma. J Cell Biol 67(3):835–851. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.67.3.835

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosch BJ, van der Zee R, de Haan CA, Rottier PJ (2003) The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. J Virol 77(16):8801–8811. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.16.8801-8811.2003

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai Y, Zhang J, Xiao T, Peng H, Sterling SM, Walsh RM Jr, Rawson S, Rits-Volloch S, Chen B (2020) Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Science 369(6511):1586–1592. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4251

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carr CM, Kim PS (1993) A spring-loaded mechanism for the conformational change of influenza hemagglutinin. Cell 73(4):823–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90260-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choe S, Bennett MJ, Fujii G, Curmi PM, Kantardjieff KA, Collier RJ, Eisenberg D (1992) The crystal structure of diphtheria toxin. Nature 357(6375):216–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/357216a0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cymer F, von Heijne G, White SH (2015) Mechanisms of integral membrane protein insertion and folding. J Mol Biol 427(5):999–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dougherty DA (2013) The cation-pi interaction. Acc Chem Res 46(4):885–893. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300265y

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckert DM, Kim PS (2001) Mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition. Annu Rev Biochem 70:777–810. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.777

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engelman DM, Steitz TA (1981) The spontaneous insertion of proteins into and across membranes: the helical hairpin hypothesis. Cell 23(2):411–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(81)90136-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epand RM (2003) Fusion peptides and the mechanism of viral fusion. Biochem Biophys Acta 1614(1):116–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00169-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guillen J, Perez-Berna AJ, Moreno MR, Villalain J (2005) Identification of the membrane-active regions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike membrane glycoprotein using a 16/18-mer peptide scan: implications for the viral fusion mechanism. J Virol 79(3):1743–1752. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.3.1743-1752.2005

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guillen J, Moreno MR, Perez-Berna AJ, Bernabeu A, Villalain J (2007) Interaction of a peptide from the pre-transmembrane domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein with phospholipid membranes. J Phys Chem B 111(49):13714–13725. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp073675y

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guillen J, Kinnunen PK, Villalain J (2008) Membrane insertion of the three main membranotropic sequences from SARS-CoV S2 glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Acta 1778(12):2765–2774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.07.021

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han X, Bushweller JH, Cafiso DS, Tamm LK (2001) Membrane structure and fusion-triggering conformational change of the fusion domain from influenza hemagglutinin. Nat Struct Biol 8:715–720. https://doi.org/10.1038/90434

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrison SC (2008) Viral membrane fusion. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15(7):690–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.1456

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harrison SC (2015) Viral membrane fusion. Virology 479–480:498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.043

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hernandez LD, Hoffman LR, Wolfsberg TG, White JM (1996) Virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12:627–661. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.627

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL (2021) Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol 19(3):141–154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hughson FM (1995) Structural characterization of viral fusion proteins. Current Biology : CB (3)5:265274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00057-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, Choe H (2022) Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 23(1):3–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA (2014) Activation of paramyxovirus membrane fusion and virus entry. Curr Opin Virol 5:24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ke Z, Oton J, Qu K, Cortese M, Zila V, McKeane L, Nakane T, Zivanov J, Neufeldt CJ, Cerikan B et al (2020) Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions. Nature 588(7838):498–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2665-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kielian M (2014) Mechanisms of virus membrane fusion proteins. Annu Rev Virol 1(1):171–189. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085521

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Killian JA (1998) Hydrophobic mismatch between proteins and lipids in membranes. Biochem Biophys Acta 1376(3):401–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4157(98)00017-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Killian JA, von Heijne G (2000) How proteins adapt to a membrane-water interface. Trends Biochem Sci 25(9):429–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0004(00)01626-1