Xiao Y, Zheng X, Zhou C et al (2023) Combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma with a predominant HCC component: better survival and MRI-based prediction. Eur Radiol 33:1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-09131-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garancini M, Goffredo P, Pagni F et al (2014) Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a population-level analysis of an uncommon primary liver tumor. Liver Transpl 20:952–959. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23897

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chu K, Lu C, Dong H, Fu X, Zhang H, Yao X (2014) Hepatitis B virus-related combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: clinicopathological and prognostic analysis of 390 cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26:192–199. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283625df9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeong HT, Kim MJ, Chung YE, Choi JY, Park YN, Kim KW (2013) Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas: imaging-histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201:W603–W611. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.10262

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sirica AE, Gores GJ, Groopman JD et al (2019) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: continuing challenges and translational advances. Hepatology 69:1803–1815. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30289

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saleh M, Virarkar M, Bura V et al (2020) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: pathogenesis, current staging, and radiological findings. Abdom Radiol (NY) 45:3662–3680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02559-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maximin S, Ganeshan DM, Shanbhogue AK et al (2014) Current update on combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Radiol Open 1:40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2014.07.001

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han D, Li Y, He X et al (2023) Differentiating mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from atypical hepatocellular carcinoma using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging combined with serum markers in at-risk patients with hepatitis B virus. Quant Imaging Med Surg 13:7156–7169. https://doi.org/10.21037/qims-23-396

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wells ML, Venkatesh SK, Chandan VS et al (2015) Biphenotypic hepatic tumors: imaging findings and review of literature. Abdom Imaging 40:2293–2305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-015-0433-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li R, Yang D, Tang CL et al (2016) Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (biphenotypic) tumors: clinical characteristics, imaging features of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and computed tomography. BMC Cancer 16:158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2156-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sammon J, Fischer S, Menezes R et al (2018) MRI features of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma versus mass forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Imaging 18:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40644-018-0142-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Consul N, Sirlin CB, Chernyak V et al (2021) Imaging features at the periphery: hemodynamics, pathophysiology, and effect on LI-RADS categorization. Radiographics 41:1657–1675. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021210019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang H, Song B, Qin Y et al (2021) Diagnosis of LI-RADS M lesions on gadoxetate-enhanced MRI: identifying cholangiocarcinoma-containing tumor with serum markers and imaging features. Eur Radiol 31:3638–3648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07488-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin X, Zhang BH, Qiu SJ et al (2012) Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: clinical features, treatment modalities, and prognosis. Ann Surg Oncol 19:2869–2876. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2328-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelley RK, Bridgewater J, Gores GJ, Zhu AX (2020) Systemic therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 72:353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JH, Chung GE, Yu SJ et al (2011) Long-term prognosis of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma after curative resection comparison with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 45:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181ce5dfa

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fowler KJ, Sheybani A, Parker RA et al (2013) Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (biphenotypic) tumors: imaging features and diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201:332–339. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.9488

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bergquist JR, Ivanics T, Storlie CB et al (2016) Implications of CA19-9 elevation for survival, staging, and treatment sequencing in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a national cohort analysis. J Surg Oncol 114:475–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.24381

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Wang W, Ma X et al (2020) Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: which preoperative clinical data and conventional MRI characteristics have value for the prediction of microvascular invasion and clinical significance? Eur Radiol 30:5337–5347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06861-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim TH, Kim H, Joo I, Lee JM (2020) Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: changes in the 2019 World Health Organization histological classification system and potential impact on imaging-based diagnosis. Korean J Radiol 21:1115–1125. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0091

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cerny M, Chernyak V, Olivié D et al (2018) LI-RADS version 2018 ancillary features at MRI. Radiographics 38:1973–2001. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018180052

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang AI, Kim YK, Min JH, Lee J, Kim H, Lee SJ (2019) Differentiation between inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and cholangiocarcinoma manifesting as target appearance on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 44:1395–1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1847-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Kamaya A et al (2018) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2018: imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in at-risk patients. Radiology 289:816–830. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018181494

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu K, Wang ZM, Li JN, Zhang S, Xiao ZF, Tao YM (2018) CLEC1B expression and PD-L1 expression predict clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor hemorrhage. Transl Oncol 11:552–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2018.02.010

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheng R, Zhang Y, Wang H et al (2024) A multi-center diagnostic system for intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma based on preoperative MRI and clinical features. Eur Radiol 34:548–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-10002-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang Y, Lee JM, Kim SH, Han JK, Choi BI (2012) Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: enhancement patterns on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images. Radiology 264:751–760. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112308

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Granata V, Grassi R, Fusco R et al (2021) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its differential diagnosis at MRI: how radiologist should assess MR features. Radiol Med 126:1584–1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-021-01428-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park HJ, Kim YK, Park MJ, Lee WJ (2013) Small intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: target sign on diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging 38:793–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-012-9943-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou C, Huang P, Wu F, Xiao Y, Yang C, Zeng M (2024) How to differentiate between combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with rim arterial phase hyperenhancement? Abdom Radiol (NY) 49:3015–3023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-024-04194-y

Article  PubMed