Giustina A, Adler RA, Binkley N, Bollerslev J, Bouillon R, Dawson-Hughes B et al (2020) Consensus statement from 2(nd) International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Rev Endocr Metab Disord.;21(1):89–116

Miliku K, Felix JF, Voortman T, Tiemeier H, Eyles DW, Burne TH et al (2019) Associations of maternal and fetal vitamin D status with childhood body composition and cardiovascular risk factors. Matern Child Nutr 15(2):e12672

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganmaa D, Enkhmaa D, Nasantogtokh E, Sukhbaatar S, Tumur-Ochir KE, Manson JE, Vitamin D (2022) Respiratory infections, and chronic disease: review of meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials. J Intern Med 291(2):141–164

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi X, Yang T, Chen J, Dai Y, Chen L, Wu L et al (2022) Vitamin D status is primarily associated with core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: A multicenter study in China. Psychiatry Res 317:114807

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hatun S, Ozkan B, Orbak Z, Doneray H, Cizmecioglu F, Toprak D et al (2005) Vitamin D deficiency in early infancy. J Nutr 135(2):279–282

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huh SY, Gordon CM (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents: epidemiology, impact and treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 9(2):161–170

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andıran N, Çelik N, Akça H, Doğan G (2012) Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 4(1):25–29

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cannell JJ (2017) Vitamin D and autism, what’s new? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 18(2):183–193

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herrmann M, Farrell CL, Pusceddu I, Fabregat-Cabello N, Cavalier E (2017) Assessment of vitamin D status - a changing landscape. Clin Chem Lab Med 55(1):3–26

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang TJ, Zhang F, Richards JB, Kestenbaum B, van Meurs JB, Berry D et al (2010) Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 376(9736):180–188

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yeum KJ, Song BC, Joo NS (2016) Impact of geographic location on vitamin D status and bone mineral density. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(2):184

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdul-Razzak KK, Ajlony MJ, Khoursheed AM, Obeidat BA (2011) Vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers: a prospective study from irbid, Jordan. Pediatr Int 53(6):839–845

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoevenaar-Blom MP, Wielders JP, Groeneveld H, de Leeuw E, Schmits RJ, Pepermans C et al (2019) Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in infants and toddlers in the Netherlands: a pilot study. Ann Clin Biochem 56(5):613–618

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L, Williams AL, Kleinman PK, Perez-Rossello J et al (2008) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162(6):505–512

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ooms N, van Daal H, Beijers AM, Gerrits GP, Semmekrot BA, van den Ouweland JM (2016) Time-course analysis of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 shows markedly elevated levels in early life, particularly from vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 79(4):647–653

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gjerde J, Kjellevold M, Dahl L, Berg T, Bokevoll A, Markhus MW (2020) Validation and determination of 25(OH) vitamin D and 3-Epi25(OH)D3 in breastmilk and Maternal- and infant plasma during breastfeeding. Nutrients.;12(8)

Meza-Meza MR, Ruiz-Ballesteros AI, de la Cruz-Mosso U (2022) Functional effects of vitamin D: from nutrient to Immunomodulator. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62(11):3042–3062

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai K, Dong H, Liu L, She X, Liu C, Yu M et al (2023) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of a large Chinese population from 30 Provinces by LC-MS/MS measurement for consecutive 3 years: differences by age, sex, season and Province. Eur J Nutr 62(3):1503–1516

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pang X, Yang Z, Wang J, Duan Y, Zhao L, Yu D et al (2021) Relationship between serum 25OH-Vitamin D2 level and vitamin D status of children aged 3–5 years in China. Nutrients.;13(11)

Hammami MM, Abuhdeeb K, Hammami S, Yusuf A (2019) Vitamin-D2 treatment-associated decrease in 25(OH)D3 level is a reciprocal phenomenon: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord 19(1):8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lehmann U, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Hinz K, Westphal S, Dierkes J (2013) Bioavailability of vitamin D(2) and D(3) in healthy volunteers, a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(11):4339–4345

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams DM, Fraser A, Sayers A, Fraser WD, Hingorani A, Deanfield J et al (2012) Associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 with cardiovascular risk factors in childhood: cross-sectional findings from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(5):1563–1571

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed LHM, Butler AE, Dargham SR, Latif A, Robay A, Chidiac OM et al (2020) Association of vitamin D(2) and D(3) with type 2 diabetes complications. BMC Endocr Disord 20(1):65

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Health Service. Consensus Vitamin D position statement United Kingdom: National Health Service (2021) [Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/livewell/summerhealth/documents/concensus_statement%20_vitd_dec_2010.pdf

Carter GD, Berry J, Durazo-Arvizu R, Gunter E, Jones G, Jones J et al (2017) Quality assessment of vitamin D metabolite assays used by clinical and research laboratories. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 173:100–104

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsang HW, Tung KT, Wong RS, Wong SY, Tung JY, Chua GT et al (2024) Association of vitamin D-binding protein polymorphisms and serum 25 (OH) D concentration varies among Chinese healthy infants of different VDR‐FokI genotypes: A multi‐centre cross‐sectional study. Nutr Bull 49(1):63–72

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noel-Weiss J, Taljaard M, Kujawa-Myles S (2014) Breastfeeding and lactation research: exploring a tool to measure infant feeding patterns. Int Breastfeed J 9(1):1–6

Article  Google Scholar 

UK Department of Health (2011) Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children

Chan KC, Tam WH, Chan MH, Chan RS, Li AM (2018) Vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants in Hong Kong: a pilot study. Hong Kong medical journal = xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 24(Suppl 3):32–35

Diet (2011) and Nutrition survey of infants and young children. In: Agency DoHaFS, editor.

Yang C, Mao M, Ping L, Yu D (2020) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among 460,537 children in 825 hospitals from 18 provinces in Mainland China. Med (Baltim) 99(44):e22463

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gökçay G (2010) Breastfeeding and child cognitive development. Child Care Health Dev 36(4):591

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pattison KL, Kraschnewski JL, Lehman E, Savage JS, Downs DS, Leonard KS et al (2019) Breastfeeding initiation and duration and child health outcomes in the first baby study. Prev Med 118:1–6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollis BW, Wagner CL, Howard CR, Ebeling M, Shary JR, Smith PG et al (2015) Maternal versus infant vitamin D supplementation during lactation: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 136(4):625–634

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balasubramanian S (2011) Vitamin D deficiency in breastfed infants & the need for routine vitamin D supplementation. Indian J Med Res 133(3):250–252

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin CH, Lin CY, Sung YH, Li ST, Cheng BW, Weng SL et al (2022) Effect of oral vitamin D3 supplementation in exclusively breastfed newborns: prospective, randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled trial. J Bone Mineral Research: Official J Am Soc Bone Mineral Res 37(4):786–793

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bouillon R (2017) Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D. Nat Reviews Endocrinol 13(8):466–479

Article  CAS