Shalev A, Liberzon I, Marmar C (2017) Post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 376:2459–2469
Nichter B, Norman S, Haller M, Pietrzak RH (2019) Psychological burden of PTSD, depression, and their comorbidity in the U.S. veteran population: suicidality, functioning, and service utilization. J Affect Disorders 256:633–640
Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K, Barnes D, Covinsky KE, Neylan T et al (2010) Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:608–613
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Meziab O, Kirby KA, Williams B, Yaffe K, Byers AL, Barnes DE (2014) Prisoner of war status, posttraumatic stress disorder, and dementia in older veterans. Alzheimers Dementia 10:S236–S241
Yaffe K, Lwi SJ, Hoang TD, Xia F, Barnes DE, Maguen S et al (2019) Military-related risk factors in female veterans and risk of dementia. Neurology 92:e205–e211
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
de Araujo A, Junior D, Sair HI, Peters ME, Carvalho AF, Yedavalli V, Solnes LB et al (2023) The association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cognitive impairment: a systematic review of neuroimaging findings. J Psychiatric Res 164:259–269
Günak MM, Billings J, Carratu E, Marchant NL, Favarato G, Orgeta V (2020) Post-traumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. British J Psychiatry 217:600–608
Harnett NG, Goodman AM, Knight DC (2020) PTSD-related neuroimaging abnormalities in brain function, structure, and biochemistry. Exp Neurol 330:113331
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wingenfeld K, Wolf OT (2011) HPA axis alterations in mental disorders: impact on memory and its relevance for therapeutic interventions. CNS Neurosci Ther 17:714–722
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA et al (2012) A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med. 4:147ra11
Rasmussen MK, Mestre H, Nedergaard M (2018) The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 17:1016–1024
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reeves BC, Karimy JK, Kundishora AJ, Mestre H, Cerci HM, Matouk C et al (2020) Glymphatic system impairment in Alzheimer’s disease and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Trends Mol Med 26:285–295
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ding XB, Wang XX, Xia DH, Liu H, Tian HY, Fu Y et al (2021) Impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Nat Med 27:411–418
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nedergaard M, Goldman SA (2020) Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia. Science 370:50–56
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chong PLH, Garic D, Shen MD, Lundgaard I, Schwichtenberg AJ (2022) Sleep, cerebrospinal fluid, and the glymphatic system: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 61:101572
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Siow TY, Toh CH, Hsu JL, Liu GH, Lee SH, Chen NH et al (2022) Association of sleep, neuropsychological performance, and gray matter volume with glymphatic function in community-dwelling older adults. Neurology 98:e829–e838
Christensen J, Yamakawa GR, Shultz SR, Mychasiuk R (2021) Is the glymphatic system the missing link between sleep impairments and neurological disorders? Examining the implications and uncertainties. Prog Neurobiol 198:101917
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Eide PK, Pripp AH, Berge B, Hrubos-Strøm H, Ringstad G, Valnes LM (2022) Altered glymphatic enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid tracer in individuals with chronic poor sleep quality. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab 42:1676–1692
Slavish DC, Briggs M, Fentem A, Messman BA, Contractor AA (2022) Bidirectional associations between daily PTSD symptoms and sleep disturbances: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 63:101623
Maher MJ, Rego SA, Asnis GM (2006) Sleep disturbances in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: epidemiology, impact and approaches to management. CNS Drugs 20:567–590
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jin Y, Zhang W, Yu M, Li J, Du Y, Wang W et al (2024) Glymphatic system dysfunction in middle-aged and elderly chronic insomnia patients with cognitive impairment evidenced by diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS). Sleep Med 115:145–151
Taoka T, Masutani Y, Kawai H, Nakane T, Matsuoka K, Yasuno F et al (2017) Evaluation of glymphatic system activity with the diffusion MR technique: diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in Alzheimer’s disease cases. Jpn J Radiol 35:172–178
Zhang W, Zhou Y, Wang J, Gong X, Chen Z, Zhang X et al (2021) Glymphatic clearance function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Neuroimage 238:118257
Kamagata K, Andica C, Takabayashi K, Saito Y, Taoka T, Nozaki H et al (2022) Association of MRI indices of glymphatic system with amyloid deposition and cognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 99:e2648–e2660
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huang SY, Zhang YR, Guo Y, Du J, Ren P, Wu BS et al (2024) Glymphatic system dysfunction predicts amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia 20:3251–3269
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McKnight CD, Trujillo P, Lopez AM, Petersen K, Considine C, Lin YC et al (2021) Diffusion along perivascular spaces reveals evidence supportive of glymphatic function impairment in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 89:98–104
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Carotenuto A, Cacciaguerra L, Pagani E, Preziosa P, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2022) Glymphatic system impairment in multiple sclerosis: relation with brain damage and disability. Brain 145:2785–2795
Liu S, Sun X, Ren Q, Chen Y, Dai T, Yang Y et al (2024) Glymphatic dysfunction in patients with early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 147:100–108
Yang DX, Sun Z, Yu MM, Zou QQ, Li PY, Zhang JK et al (2023) Associations of MRI-Derived glymphatic system impairment with global white matter damage and cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury: a DTI-ALPS study. J Magn Reson Imaging: JMRI. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.28797
Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS et al (1995) The development of a clinician-administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress 8:75–90
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ (1989) The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 28:193–213
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Duering M, Biessels GJ, Brodtmann A, Chen C, Cordonnier C, de Leeuw FE et al (2023) Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease-advances since 2013. Lancet Neurol 22:602–618
Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA (1987) MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer’s dementia and normal aging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149:351–356
Comments (0)