Author contributions

Karen Zhao contributed to the analysis, acquisition, and interpretation of data and the writing of the first draft of the manuscript. Renée Fournier contributed to the analysis, acquisition, and interpretation of data and the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Kevin Kennedy contributed to study conception and design, analysis and interpretation of the data, and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Hilary P. Grocott, Emilie Belley-Côté, Richard P. Whitlock, Allison M. Janda, Eric Jacobsohn, C. David Mazer, François Lamontagne, Christie Smith, and Gordon Guyatt contributed to study conception and design and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Matthew Cameron and C. Scott Brudney contributed to study conception and design, data acquisition, and the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Jessica Spence contributed to all aspects of the work, including study conception and design; data acquisition; analysis, acquisition, and interpretation of data; and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Antonella Tidy and Sara Miller in survey distribution.

Disclosures

Emilie Belley-Côté has received research grants from Bayer, Roche, BMS-Pfizer, and Abbott and consultant fees from Trimedic, all outside of the submitted work. Richard Whitlock has received a grant from Boeringer-Inhelheim, Atricure, Bayer, Roche, BMS-Pfizer, Boston Scientific, Cytosorbent, and Abbott; consultant fees from Atricure and Phasebio; and an honorarium from Boeringer-Ingelheim, all outside of the submitted work. Allison Janda has received research funding support paid to the University of Michigan from Bio IntelliSense, Inc. and Haisco-USA Pharmaceuticals, Inc, unrelated to this present work. C. David Mazer has received advisory board honoraria/consulting fees from Amgen, Alexion, AstraZeneca, BioAge, Biotest, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior, Cytosorbents, Delex, Ontario Nursing Association, PhaseBio, Sandoz, Trimedic Therapeutics and Werfen, as well as data safety monitoring board stipends from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cerus, and Takeda, all outside the submitted work. Jessica Spence has received research support from AOP Pharma and consultant fees from Trimedic and VarmX, all outside of the submitted work.

Funding statement

A National New Investigator Award from the Heart and Stroke Foundation supported Emilie Belley-Côté. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health supported Allison Janda under award number K23HL166685. A Merit Award from the University of Toronto Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine supported C. David Mazer, and he holds the Cara Phelan Chair in Critical Care at St. Michael’s Hospital–Unity Health Toronto. A Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society Career Scientist Award and an International Anesthesia Research Society Mentored Research Award supported Jessica Spence.

Editorial responsibility

This submission was handled by Dr. Philip M. Jones, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.