Bond CA, Raehl CL, Franke T. Clinical pharmacy services and hospital mortality rates. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19(5):556–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ravn-Nielsen LV, Duckert ML, Lund ML, et al. Effect of an in-hospital multifaceted clinical pharmacist intervention on the risk of readmission: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(3):375–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mekonnen AB, McLachlan AJ, Brien JA. Effectiveness of pharmacist-led medication reconciliation programmes on clinical outcomes at hospital transitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(2): e010003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Makowsky MJ, Koshman SL, Midodzi WK, et al. Capturing outcomes of clinical activities performed by a rounding pharmacist practicing in a team environment: the COLLABORATE study [NCT00351676]. Med Care. 2009;47(6):642–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daliri S, Boujarfi S, El Mokaddam A, et al. Medication-related interventions delivered both in hospital and following discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Qual Saf. 2021;30(2):146–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scullin C, Scott MG, Hogg A, et al. An innovative approach to integrated medicines management. J Eval Clin Pract. 2007;13(5):781–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canning ML, McDougall R, Yerkovich S, et al. Measuring the impact of pharmaceutical care bundle delivery on patient outcomes: an observational study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2024;46:1172–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gillespie U, Alassaad A, Henrohn D, et al. A comprehensive pharmacist intervention to reduce morbidity in patients 80 years or older: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(9):894–900.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Oliveira GS, Castro-Alves LJ, Kendall MC, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacist intervention to reduce medication errors and health-care resources utilization after transitions of care: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Patient Saf. 2021;17(5):375–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dooley MJ, Allen KM, Doecke CJ, et al. A prospective multicentre study of pharmacist initiated changes to drug therapy and patient management in acute care government funded hospitals. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(4):513–21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tong EY, Mitra B, Yip G, et al. Multi-site evaluation of partnered pharmacist medication charting and in-hospital length of stay. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;86(2):285–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Clifford J-M, Blewitt P, Lam SS, et al. How do clinical pharmacists spend their working day? A time-and-motion study. J Pharm Pract Res. 2012;42(2):134–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

English S, Hort A, Sullivan N, et al. Is ward round participation by clinical pharmacists a valuable use of time and money? A time and motion study. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;16(8):1026–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huynh S, Rush L, Dadalias D, et al. Time and motion study quantifying the activities of the cardiology, respiratory, and geriatric clinical pharmacist. J Pharm Pract Res. 2022;52(5):383–90.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nguyen CB, Shane R, Bell DS, et al. A time and motion study of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians obtaining admission medication histories. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(3):180–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehnbom EC, Li L, Prgomet M, et al. Little things matter: a time and motion study of pharmacists’ activities in a paediatric hospital. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2016;227:80–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lo C, Burke R, Westbrook JI. Electronic medication management systems’ influence on hospital pharmacists’ work patterns. J Pharm Pract Res. 2010;40(2):106–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gjone H, Burns G, Teasdale T, et al. Exploring the time required by pharmacists to prepare discharge medicine lists: a time-and-motion study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2022;44(4):1028–36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Havnes K, Lehnbom EC, Walter SR, et al. Time distribution for pharmacists conducting a randomized controlled trial—An observational time and motion study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4): e0250898.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Negaard BJ, Lyons KP, Nichol CL, et al. What does a pharmacist do? A time and motion study. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;16(9):1314–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Westbrook JI, Li L, Shah S, et al. A cross-country time and motion study to measure the impact of electronic medication management systems on the work of hospital pharmacists in Australia and England. Int J Med Inform. 2019;129:253–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karia A, Norman R, Robinson S, et al. Pharmacist’s time spent: space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(3): e055597.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson M, Sanchez P, Langdon R, et al. The impact of interruptions on medication errors in hospitals: an observational study of nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2017;25(7):498–507.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reddy A, Abebe E, Rivera AJ, et al. Interruptions in community pharmacies: frequency, sources, and mitigation strategies. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15(10):1243–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guérin A, Caron E, Lebel D, et al. Before-and-after study of interruptions in a pharmacy department. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2013;66(1):8–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kalne PS, Mehendale AM. The purpose of time-motion studies (TMSs) in healthcare: a literature review. Cureus. 2022;14(10): e29869.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bellandi T, Cerri A, Carreras G, et al. Interruptions and multitasking in surgery: a multicentre observational study of the daily work patterns of doctors and nurses. Ergonomics. 2018;61(1):40–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dooley M, Bennett G, Clayson-Fisher T, et al. Advanced pharmacy Australia clinical pharmacy standards. J Pharm Pract Res. 2024;54(6):446–511.

Article  Google Scholar 

New Zealand Hospital Pharmacists’ Association. Standards of Practice for New Zealand Hospital Clinical Pharmacy Services. June 2019. https://nzhpa.org.nz/assets/Uploads/NZHPA-Standards-of-Clinical-Practice-June-2019.pdf

Martello JL, Dumont Z, Bruck W, et al. Identifying ideal pharmacist-to-patient ratios for the successful provision of clinical pharmacy services. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2024;7(5):505–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Damji S, Legal M, Dahri K, et al. Prioritizing quality over quantity: defining optimal pharmacist-to-patient ratios to ensure comprehensive direct patient care in a medical or surgical unit. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2024;77(1): e3437.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Leary KM, Stuchbery P, Taylor G. Clinical pharmacist staffing levels needed to deliver clinical services in Australian hospitals. J Pharm Pract Res. 2010;40(3):217–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Jazairi AS, Alnakhli AO. Quantifying clinical pharmacist activities in a tertiary care hospital using key performance indicators. Hosp Pharm. 2021;56(4):321–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cossart AR, Canning ML, Yong FR, et al. Benchmarking hospital clinical pharmacy practice using standardised key performance indicators (KPIs). J Pharm Policy Pract. 2024;17(1):2431181.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ClockifyTM - FREE Time Tracking . Available from: https://clockify.me/. Accessed 24 May 2024.

Wirth F, Azzopardi LM, Gauci M, et al. Time and motion study for pharmacists’ activities in a geriatric hospital. Int J Clin Pharm. 2010;17(6):373–6.

Google Scholar 

Burgin A, O’Rourke R, Tully MP. Learning to work with electronic patient records and prescription charts: experiences and perceptions of hospital pharmacists. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2014;10(5):741–55.

Article  PubMed