Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.
Shlomai G, Neel B, LeRoith D, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer: the role of pharmacotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(35):4261–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chang WC, Hsieh TC, Hsu WL, et al. Diabetes and further risk of cancer: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):214.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
O’Connor L, Bailey-Whyte M, Bhattacharya M, et al. Association of metformin use and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2024;116(4):518–29.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Physiol Rev. 2015;95(3):727–48.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Burki TK. FDA rejects novel diabetes drug over safety fears. Lancet. 2012;379(9815):507.
Koepsell H. The Na+-D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 are targets for the treatment of diabetes and cancer. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;170:148–65.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Basak D, Gamez D, Deb S. SGLT2 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. Biomedicines. 2023;11(7):1867.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Spiazzi BF, Naibo RA, Wayerbacher LF, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and cancer outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;198:110621.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shi N, Shi Y, Xu J, et al. SGLT-2i and risk of malignancy in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Public Health. 2021;9:668368.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dicembrini I, Nreu B, Mannucci E, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(8):1871–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Benedetti R, Benincasa G, Glass K, et al. Effects of novel SGLT2 inhibitors on cancer incidence in hyperglycemic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Pharmacol Res. 2022;175:106039.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Xu B, Kang B, Li S, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2024;47(10):2421–36.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. Accessed 04 Oct 2025.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.
McGuinness LA, Higgins JPT. Risk-of-bias visualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res Synth Methods. 2021;12(1):55–61.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Efficacy and Safety of Sotagliflozin Versus Glimepiride and Placebo in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus That Are Taking Metformin Monotherapy (SOTA-GLIM). ClinicalTrials.gov. https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03332771. Accessed 04 Oct 2025.
Ridderstråle M, Rosenstock J, Andersen KR, EMPA-REG H2H-SU trial investigators, et al. Empagliflozin compared with glimepiride in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: 208 week data from a masked randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(12):2768–77.
Schernthaner G, Gross JL, Rosenstock J, et al. Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control with metformin plus sulfonylurea: a 52 week randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2508–15.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rodbard HW, Rosenstock J, Canani LH, et al. Oral semaglutide versus empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on metformin: the PIONEER 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(12):2272–81.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ferrannini E, Berk A, Hantel S, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and metformin: an active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, 78 week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4015–21.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jabbour SA, Frías JP, Ahmed A, et al. Efficacy and safety over 2 years of exenatide plus dapagliflozin in the DURATION-8 study: a multicenter, double-blind, phase 3, randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(10):2528–36.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Araki E, Tanizawa Y, Tanaka Y, et al. Long-term treatment with empagliflozin as add-on to oral antidiabetes therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17(7):665–74.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644–57.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shapiro SB, Yin H, Yu OHY, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and the risk of lung cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2024;90(5):1365–70.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ueda P, Svanström H, Hviid A, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of bladder and renal cancer: scandinavian cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(5):e93–6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang F, Hendryx M, Liu N, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor use and risk of breast cancer among adult women with type 2 diabetes. Drug Saf. 2024;47(2):125–33.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pernicova I, Korbonits M. Metformin–mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(3):143–56.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Copur S, Yildiz AB, Covic A, et al. Is there any robust evidence showing that SGLT2 inhibitor predisposes to cancer? Eur J Clin Invest. 2024;54(2):e14131.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Eliaa SG, Al-Karmalawy AA, Saleh RM, et al. Empagliflozin and doxorubicin synergistically inhibit the survival of triple-negative breast cancer cells via interfering with the mTOR pathway and inhibition of calmodulin : in vitro and molecular docking studies. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2020;3(6):1330–8.
Comments (0)