Fox A, Feng W, Asal V. What is driving global obesity trends? Globalization or modernization? Global Health. 2019;15:32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ennab F, Atiomo W. Obesity and female infertility. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2023;89:102336.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fielder S, Nickkho-Amiry M, Seif MW. Obesity and menstrual disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2023;89:102343.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Catalano PM, Shankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ. 2017;356:j1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nevadunsky NS, Van Arsdale A, Strickler HD, Moadel A, Kaur G, Levitt J, Girda E, Goldfinger M, Goldberg GL, Einstein MH. Obesity and age at diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124:300–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Onstad MA, Schmandt RE, Lu KH. Addressing the role of obesity in endometrial Cancer risk, prevention, and treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:4225–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boutari C, Pappas PD, Mintziori G, Nigdelis MP, Athanasiadis L, Goulis DG, Mantzoros CS. The effect of underweight on female and male reproduction. Metabolism. 2020;107:154229.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Willett K, Jiang R, Lenart E, Spiegelman D, Willett W. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance and BMI in predicting obesity-related medical conditions. Obes (Silver Spring). 2006;14:480–90.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu D, Chung HF, Pandeya N, Dobson AJ, Kuh D, Crawford SL, Gold EB, Avis NE, Giles GG, Bruinsma F, et al. Body mass index and age at natural menopause: an international pooled analysis of 11 prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33:699–710.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antoniou MC, Gilbert L, Gross J, Rossel JB, Fischer Fumeaux CJ, Vial Y, Puder JJ. Potentially modifiable predictors of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus: can they help for future risk stratification and risk-adapted patient care? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:469.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dal Maso L, Tavani A, Zucchetto A, Montella M, Ferraroni M, Negri E, Polesel J, Decarli A, Talamini R, La Vecchia C, et al. Anthropometric measures at different ages and endometrial cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 2011;104:1207–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maes HH, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet. 1997;27:325–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwenk RW, Vogel H, Schurmann A. Genetic and epigenetic control of metabolic health. Mol Metab. 2013;2:337–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vink JM, Sadrzadeh S, Lambalk CB, Boomsma DI. Heritability of polycystic ovary syndrome in a Dutch twin-family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2100–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Q, Zhu Z, Kraft P, Deng Q, Stener-Victorin E, Jiang X. Genomic correlation, shared loci, and causal relationship between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis. BMC Med. 2022;20:66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hazelwood E, Sanderson E, Tan VY, Ruth KS, Frayling TM, Dimou N, Gunter MJ, Dossus L, Newton C, Ryan N, et al. Identifying molecular mediators of the relationship between body mass index and endometrial cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis. BMC Med. 2022;20:125.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prescott J, Setiawan VW, Wentzensen N, Schumacher F, Yu H, Delahanty R, Bernstein L, Chanock SJ, Chen C, Cook LS, et al. Body mass index genetic risk score and endometrial Cancer risk. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0143256.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Erfanian S, Yazdanpour L, Javeshghani D, Roustazadeh A. Association of arginine vasopressin (AVP) promoter polymorphisms with preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019;18:122–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou A, Dekker GA, Lumbers ER, Lee SY, Thompson SD, McCowan LM, Roberts CT, editors. consortium S. The association of AGTR2 polymorphisms with preeclampsia and uterine artery bilateral notching is modulated by maternal BMI. Placenta. 2013;34:75–81.

Hu M, Li X, Wu J, Li B, Xia J, Yang Y, Yin C. Phenome-Wide investigation of the causal associations between Pre-Pregnancy obesity traits and gestational diabetes: A Two-Sample Mendelian randomization analyses. Reprod Sci. 2025;32:395–403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han SS, No JH, Jeon YT, Kim JW, Park NH, Song YS, Kang SB, Lee HP. Association of Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism with uterine leiomyoma in women whose body mass index values are above 25 kg/m2. Hum Reprod. 2008;23:525–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Mara TA, Glubb DM, Amant F, Annibali D, Ashton K, Attia J, Auer PL, Beckmann MW, Black A, Bolla MK, et al. Identification of nine new susceptibility loci for endometrial cancer. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3166.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phelan CM, Kuchenbaecker KB, Tyrer JP, Kar SP, Lawrenson K, Winham SJ, Dennis J, Pirie A, Riggan MJ, Chornokur G, et al. Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer. Nat Genet. 2017;49:680–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gallagher CS, Makinen N, Harris HR, Rahmioglu N, Uimari O, Cook JP, Shigesi N, Ferreira T, Velez-Edwards DR, Edwards TL, et al. Genome-wide association and epidemiological analyses reveal common genetic origins between uterine leiomyomata and endometriosis. Nat Commun. 2019;10:4857.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, Zheng Z, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Hirschhorn J, Yang J, Visscher PM, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in approximately 700000 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27:3641–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pulit SL, Stoneman C, Morris AP, Wood AR, Glastonbury CA, Tyrrell J, Yengo L, Ferreira T, Marouli E, Ji Y, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28:166–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bulik-Sullivan BK, Loh PR, Finucane HK, Ripke S, Yang J, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric, Genomics C, Patterson N, Daly MJ, Price AL, Neale BM. LD score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet. 2015;47:291–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ning Z, Pawitan Y, Shen X. High-definition likelihood inference of genetic correlations across human complex traits. Nat Genet. 2020;52:859–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ray D, Venkataraghavan S, Zhang W, Leslie EJ, Hetmanski JB, Weinberg SM, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Ruczinski I, Taub MA, et al. Pleiotropy method reveals genetic overlap between orofacial clefts at multiple novel loci from GWAS of multi-ethnic trios. PLoS Genet. 2021;17:e1009584.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watanabe K, Taskesen E, van Bochoven A, Posthuma D. Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1826.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar