Gleeson M, McNicholas WT (2022) Bidirectional relationships of comorbidity with obstructive sleep Apnoea. Eur Respir Rev 31(164). https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0256-2021

Kargar B, Zamanian Z, Hosseinabadi MB, Gharibi V, Moradi MS, Cousins R (2021) Understanding the role of oxidative stress in the incidence of metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. BMC Endocr Disord 21(1):77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00735-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drager LF, Togeiro SM, Polotsky VY, Lorenzi-Filho G (2013) Obstructive sleep apnea: a cardiometabolic risk in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(7):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.045

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Xu C, Xun Y, Lu Z, Shi J, Yu C, Li Y (2015) ZJU index: a novel model for predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 5:16494. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16494

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramdas Nayak VK, Satheesh P, Shenoy MT, Kalra S (2022) Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index: A surrogate biomarker of insulin resistance. J Pak Med Assoc 72(5):986–988. https://doi.org/10.47391/jpma.22-63

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry RB, Budhiraja R, Gottlieb DJ, Gozal D, Iber C, Kapur VK, Marcus CL, Mehra R, Parthasarathy S, Quan SF, Redline S, Strohl KP, Davidson Ward SL, Tangredi MM (2012) Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the American academy of sleep medicine. J Clin Sleep Med 8(5):597–619. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2172

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joint Committee for Formulating guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of dyslipidemia in adults in China (2007) Guidelines for prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults. Chin J Cardiovasc Disease 35(5):390–419

Google Scholar 

Fahed G, Aoun L, Bou Zerdan M, Allam S, Bou Zerdan M, Bouferraa Y, Assi HI (2022) Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci 23(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020786

Arnaud C, Bochaton T, Pépin JL, Belaidi E (2020) Obstructive sleep Apnoea and cardiovascular consequences: pathophysiological mechanisms. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 113(5):350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2020.01.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, Redline S, Brown DL, El-Sherif N, Mehra R, Bozkurt B, Ndumele CE, Somers VK (2021) Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 144(3):e56–e67. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000988

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drager LF, Lopes HF, Maki-Nunes C, Trombetta IC, Toschi-Dias E, Alves MJ, Fraga RF, Jun JC, Negrão CE, Krieger EM, Polotsky VY, Lorenzi-Filho G (2010) The impact of obstructive sleep apnea on metabolic and inflammatory markers in consecutive patients with metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE 5(8):e12065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012065

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tażbirek M, Potoczny J, Strójwąs K, Pierzchała W, Barczyk A (2019) Anthropometric factors in the assessment of obstructive sleep apnea risk in patients with metabolic syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 1160:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_376

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carneiro G, Zanella MT (2018) Obesity metabolic and hormonal disorders associated with obstructive sleep apnea and their impact on the risk of cardiovascular events. Metabolism 84:76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Almendros I, Basoglu ÖK, Conde SV, Liguori C, Saaresranta T (2022) Metabolic dysfunction in OSA: is there something new under the sun? J Sleep Res 31(1):e13418. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13418

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malicki M, Karuga FF, Szmyd B, Sochal M, Gabryelska A (2022) Obstructive sleep apnea, circadian clock disruption, and metabolic consequences. Metabolites 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010060

Ji B, Qu H, Wang H, Wei H, Deng H (2016) The ZJU index: a useful indicator for recognizing insulin resistance in the Chinese general population. Acta Diabetol 53(5):817–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-016-0878-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bikov A, Frent SM, Meszaros M, Kunos L, Mathioudakis AG, Negru AG, Gaita L, Mihaicuta S (2021) Triglyceride-Glucose index in Non-Diabetic, Non-Obese patients with obstructive sleep Apnoea. J Clin Med 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091932

Ochoa JE, Gallo JA, Correa MM, Zapata N, McEwen JG, Bilo G, Aristizabal D, Parati G (2015) Insulin resistance and beat-to-beat cardiovascular dynamics: a constant relationship across different body mass index and blood pressure categories. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(2):569–577. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1799

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, Charlton M, Sanyal AJ (2012) The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American gastroenterological association, American association for the study of liver diseases, and American college of gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 142(7):1592–1609. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamada J, Tomiyama H, Yambe M, Koji Y, Motobe K, Shiina K, Yamamoto Y, Yamashina A (2006) Elevated serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase are markers of inflammation and oxidative stress independent of the metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 189(1):198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.036

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ji Y, Liang Y, Mak JCW, Ip MSM (2022) Obstructive sleep apnea, intermittent hypoxia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sleep Med 95:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.04.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu CP, Ali H, Rachakonda VP, Oczypok EA, DeLany JP, Kershaw EE (2019) The ZJU index is a powerful surrogate marker for NAFLD in severely obese North American women. PLoS ONE 14(11):e0224942. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224942

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zheng K, Yin Y, Guo H, Ma L, Liu R, Zhao T, Wei Y, Zhao Z, Cheng W (2024) Association between the ZJU index and risk of new-onset non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obese participants: a Chinese longitudinal prospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 15:1340644. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1340644

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu C, Loh YH, Huang H, Xu C (2024) ZJU index as a predictive tool for diabetes incidence: insights from a Population-Based cohort study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 17:715–724. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.S446042

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Nie G, Yan F, Zhou N, Zhang M, Peng W (2023) The ZJU index is associated with the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Chinese middle-aged and older people: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 22(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-023-01974-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alizargar J, Bai CH, Hsieh NC, Wu SV (2020) Use of the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in cardiovascular disease patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol 19(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0982-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huo RR, Liao Q, Zhai L, You XM, Zuo YL (2024) Interacting and joint effects of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and body mass index on stroke risk and the mediating role of TyG in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 23(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-024-02122-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Xiao S, Jiao X, Shen Y (2023) The triglyceride-glucose index is a predictor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in CVD patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes: evidence from NHANES 2001–2018. Cardiovasc Diabetol 22(1):279. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-02030-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai Y, Chen J, Deng X, Wang B, Huang J, Lian N (2024) Triglyceride-glucose index and combined indicators: effective indicators for screening NAFLD in snoring patients. BMC Pulm Med 24(1):359. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-03166-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang HH, Kim SW, Lee SH (2020) Association between triglyceride g