Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, Neuen BL, Perkovic V (2021) Chronic kidney disease. Lancet (London England) 398:786–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00519-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

(2020) Global, regional, and National burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet (London, England). 395: 709–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30045-3

Li Y, Ning Y, Shen B, Shi Y, Song N, Fang Y et al (2023) Temporal trends in prevalence and mortality for chronic kidney disease in China from 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Clin Kidney J 16:312–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfac218

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Astor BC, Matsushita K, Gansevoort RT, van der Velde M, Woodward M, Levey AS et al (2011) Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease. A collaborative meta-analysis of kidney disease population cohorts. Kidney Int 79:1331–1340. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.550

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsushita K, Coresh J, Sang Y, Chalmers J, Fox C, Guallar E et al (2015) Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data. The lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol 3:514–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00040-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Ortiz A, Mattace-Raso F, Soler MJ, Fouque D (2022) Ageing Meets kidney disease. Age Ageing 51. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac157

Ruiz-Ortega M, Rayego-Mateos S, Lamas S, Ortiz A, Rodrigues-Diez RR (2020) Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 16:269–288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0248-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen TK, Knicely DH, Grams ME (2019) )Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: A review. JAMA 322:1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14745

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas MC, Cooper ME, Zimmet P (2016) Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 12:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2015.173

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferro CJ, Mark PB, Kanbay M, Sarafidis P, Heine GH, Rossignol P et al (2018) Lipid management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 14:727–749. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0072-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stürzebecher PE, Katzmann JL, Laufs U (2023) What is ‘remnant cholesterol’? Eur Heart J 44:1446–1448. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac783

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu L, Tai S, Sun J, Zhang N, Zhou Y, Xing Z et al (2022) )Remnant cholesterol and its Visit-to-Visit variability predict cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: findings from the ACCORD cohort. Diabetes Care 45:2136–2143. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-2511

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quispe R, Martin SS, Michos ED, Lamba I, Blumenthal RS, Saeed A et al (2021) Remnant cholesterol predicts cardiovascular disease beyond LDL and ApoB: a primary prevention study. Eur Heart J 42:4324–4332. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab432

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan P, Xu Y, Miao Y, Bai X, Wu Y, Tang Q et al (2021) Association of remnant cholesterol with chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a population-based study. Acta Diabetol 58:1615–1625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01765-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He X, Zou R, Du X, Li K, Sha D (2024) Association of remnant cholesterol with decreased kidney function or albuminuria: a population-based study in the U.S. Lipids in health and disease. 23:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-023-01995-w

Jang SY, Kang M, Song E, Jang A, Choi KM, Baik SH et al (2024) Remnant cholesterol is an independent risk factor for the incidence of chronic kidney disease in newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 210:111639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111639

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuan Y, Zhou X, Ji L (2023) Association between remnant cholesterol level and severity of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat 37:108585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108585

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yuan T, Ding C, Xie Y, Zhou X, Xie C, Wang T et al (2023) Association between remnant cholesterol and chronic kidney disease in Chinese hypertensive patients. Front Endocrinol 14:1189574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1189574

Article  Google Scholar 

Frazier R, Mehta R, Cai X, Lee J, Napoli S, Craven T et al (2019) )Associations of Fenofibrate therapy with incidence and progression of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int Rep 4:94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2018.09.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, Tighiouart H, Wang D, Sang Y et al (2021) )New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based equations to estimate GFR without race. N Engl J Med 385:1737–1749. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102953

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen N, Liu YH, Hu LK, Ma LL, Zhang Y, Chu X et al (2023) Association of variability in metabolic parameters with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: evidence from a functional community cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol 22:183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-01922-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu HH, Guo YL, Zhu CG, Wu NQ, Gao Y, Xu RX et al (2022) Synergistic effect of the commonest residual risk factors, remnant cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and inflammation, on prognosis of statin-treated patients with chronic coronary syndrome. J Translational Med 20:243. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-022-03448-x

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Song Y, Liu J, Zhao K, Gao L, Zhao J (2021) Cholesterol-induced toxicity: an integrated view of the role of cholesterol in multiple diseases. Cell Metabol 33:1911–1925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.001

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhu W, Liu Q, Liu F, Jiao C, Zhang L, Xie H (2024) High remnant cholesterol as a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of a US population. Acta Diabetol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-024-02249-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hager MR, Narla AD, Tannock LR (2017) Dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Reviews Endocr Metabolic Disorders 18:29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9402-z

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bermudez-Lopez M, Forne C, Amigo N, Bozic M, Arroyo D, Bretones T et al (2019) An in-depth analysis shows a hidden atherogenic lipoprotein profile in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients. Expert Opin Ther Targets 23:619–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2019.1620206

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gluba-Brzozka A, Franczyk B, Rysz J (2019) Cholesterol disturbances and the role of proper nutrition in CKD patients. Nutrients 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112820

Kochan Z, Szupryczynska N, Malgorzewicz S, Karbowska J (2021) Dietary lipids and dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093138

de Lombera Romero F, Fernández Casares S, Gascueña Rubia R, Lázaro M, Hernández Simón P, Saavedra Falero J et al (1998) Hypertension and dyslipidemia. Rev Esp Cardiol 51(Suppl 4):24–35

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaiswal M, Schinske A, Pop-Busui R (2014) Lipids and lipid management in diabetes. Best practice & research. Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 28:325–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.12.001

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Raja V, Aguiar C, Alsayed N, Chibber YS, ElBadawi H, Ezhov M et al (2023) Non-HDL-cholesterol in dyslipidemia: review of the state-of-the-art literature and outlook. Atherosclerosis 383:117312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117312

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu W, Chen G, Wu K, Zheng H, Chen Y, Wang X et al (2023) Cumulative exposure to high remnant-cholesterol concentrations increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 22:258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-01984-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang R, Zhang J, Yu X, Yang G, Cai J (2024) Remnant cholesterol and intensive blood pressure control in older patient