Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction. 2020. https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention
OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed 2023. Available from: https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2023/07/opcw-confirms-all-declared-chemical-weapons-stockpiles-verified. Accessed 30 Jul 2023.
Vanninen P. Recommended Operating Procedures for Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament. Helsinki: University of Helsinki; 2023.
Avigo L, Hallez F, Combès A, Desoubries C, Albaret C, Bossée A, et al. Analytical methods based on liquid chromatography for the analysis of albumin adducts involved in retrospective biomonitoring of exposure to mustard agents. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-04925-y.
Chen B, Yu H-L, Liu S-L, Liu C-C, Liang L-H, Li X-H, et al. A sensitive quantification approach for detection of HETE-CP adduct after benzyl chloroformate derivatization using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019;411(15):3405–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01820-3.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Richter A, Siegert M, Thiermann H, John H. Alkylated albumin-derived dipeptide C(-HETE)P derivatized by propionic anhydride as a biomarker for the verification of poisoning with sulfur mustard. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413(19):4907–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03454-w.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
John H, Richter A, Thiermann H. Evidence of sulfur mustard poisoning by detection of the albumin-derived dipeptide biomarker C(-HETE)P after nicotinylation. Drug Test Anal. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3114.
John H, Willoh S, Hoermann P, Siegert M, Vondran A, Thiermann H. Procedures for analysis of dried plasma using microsampling devices to detect sulfur mustard-albumin adducts for verification of poisoning. Anal Chem. 2016;88(17):8787–94. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02199.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gandor F, Gawlik M, Thiermann H, John H. Evidence of sulfur mustard exposure in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS-MS detection of the albumin-derived alkylated HETE-CP dipeptide and chromatographic investigation of its cis/trans isomerism. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39(4):270–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv010.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hemme M, Fidder A, van der Riet-van OD, van der Schans MJ, Noort D. Mass spectrometric analysis of adducts of sulfur mustard analogues to human plasma proteins: approach towards chemical provenancing in biomedical samples. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413(15):4023–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03354-z.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Blum M-M, Richter A, Siegert M, Thiermann H, John H. Adduct of the blistering warfare agent sesquimustard with human serum albumin and its mass spectrometric identification for biomedical verification of exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2020;412(28):7723–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02917-w.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pantazides BG, Quinones-Gonzalez J, Nazario DMR, Crow BS, Perez JW, Blake TA, et al. A quantitative method to detect human exposure to sulfur and nitrogen mustards via protein adducts. J Chromatogr B. 2019;1121:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.005.
Braun AV, Rybal’chenko IV, Ponsov MA, Stavitskaya YV, Tikhomirov LA, Grechukhin AP. Optimization of a method for the determination of a mustard gas biomarker in human blood plasma by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Anal Chem+. 2017;72(3):303–8. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1061934817030030.
John H, Siegert M, Gandor F, Gawlik M, Kranawetvogl A, Karaghiosoff K, et al. Optimized verification method for detection of an albumin-sulfur mustard adduct at Cys(34) using a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer after direct plasma proteolysis. Toxicol Lett. 2016;244:103–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.027.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pantazides BG, Crow BS, Garton JW, Quinones-Gonzalez JA, Blake TA, Thomas JD, et al. Simplified method for quantifying sulfur mustard adducts to blood proteins by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015;28(2):256–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx500468h.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu C, Liang L, Xiang Y, Yu H, Zhou S, Xi H, et al. An improved method for retrospective quantification of sulfur mustard exposure by detection of its albumin adduct using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2015;407(23):7037–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8842-8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen B, Ren Z, Zhang T, Yu H, Shu Z, Liu C, et al. Simultaneous quantification of multiple amino acid adducts from sulfur mustard-modified human serum albumin in plasma at trace exposure levels by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry after propionyl derivatization. J Chromatogr A. 2022;1678:463354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463354.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
John H, Hormann P, Schrader M, Thiermann H. Alkylated glutamic acid and histidine derived from protein-adducts indicate exposure to sulfur mustard in avian serum. Drug Test Anal. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3236.
Blum M-M, Schmeißer W, Dentzel M, Thiermann H, John H. The blistering warfare agent O-mustard (agent T) generates protein-adducts with human serum albumin useful for biomedical verification of exposure and forms intramolecular cross-links. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2024;416(26):5791–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05501-8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Noort D, Hulst AG, Jansen R. Covalent binding of nitrogen mustards to the cysteine-34 residue in human serum albumin. Arch Toxicol. 2002;76(2):83–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-001-0318-2.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
John H, Dentzel M, Siegert M, Thiermann H. Nontargeted high-resolution mass spectrometric workflow for the detection of butyrylcholinesterase-derived adducts with organophosphorus toxicants and structural characterization of their phosphyl moiety after in-source fragmentation. Anal Chem. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04116.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Noort D, Fidder A, van der Riet-van OD, Busker R, van der Schans MJ. Verification of exposure to Novichok nerve agents utilizing a semitargeted human butyrylcholinesterase nonapeptide assay. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021;34(8):1926–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00198.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Aldini G, Vistoli G, Regazzoni L, Gamberoni L, Facino RM, Yamaguchi S, et al. Albumin is the main nucleophilic target of human plasma: a protective role against pro-atherogenic electrophilic reactive carbonyl species? Chem Res Toxicol. 2008;21(4):824–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700349r.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Noort D. Synthesis and mass spectrometric identification of the major amino acid adducts formed between sulphur mustard and haemoglobin in human blood. Toxicokinetics. 1997;71(3):171–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040050372.
Grigoryan H, Edmands W, Lu SS, Yano Y, Regazzoni L, Iavarone AT, et al. Adductomics pipeline for untargeted analysis of modifications to Cys34 of human serum albumin. Anal Chem. 2016;88(21):10504–12. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02553.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li H, Grigoryan H, Funk WE, Lu SS, Rose S, Williams ER, et al. Profiling Cys34 adducts of human serum albumin by fixed-step selected reaction monitoring. 2011;10(3):M110.004606. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M110.004606.
Rubino FM, Pitton M, Fabio DD, Colombi AJ. Toward an “omic” physiopathology of reactive chemicals: thirty years of mass spectrometric study of the protein adducts with endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2009;28:725–84.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
John H, Koller M, Worek F, Thiermann H, Siegert M. Forensic evidence of sulfur mustard exposure in real cases of human poisoning by detection of diverse albumin-derived protein adducts. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):1881–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02461-2.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Noort D, Fidder A, Degenhardt-Langelaan CEAM, Hulst AG. Retrospective detection of sulfur mustard exposure by mass spectrometric analysis of adducts to albumin and hemoglobin: an in vivo study. J Anal Toxicol. 2008;32(1):25–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.1.25.
Comments (0)