Burisch J, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK, Barros L, Magro F, Pedersen N et al. Natural disease course of ulcerative colitis during the first five years of follow-up in a european population-based inception cohort-an Epi-IBD study. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13:198–208.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinesen LC, Walsh AJ, Protic MN, Heap G, Cummings F, Warren BF et al. The pattern and outcome of acute severe colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4:431–437.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong C, Metzger M, Holsbø E, Perduca V, Carbonnel F. Systematic review with meta-analysis: mortality in acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51:8–33.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955;2:1041–1048.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R, Ardizzone S, Armuzzi A, Barreiro-de Acosta M et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: Definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:649–670.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lynch RW, Lowe D, Protheroe A, Driscoll R, Rhodes JM, Arnott ID. Outcomes of rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis: data from the United Kingdom inflammatory bowel disease audit. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38:935–945.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams JG, Alam MF, Alrubaiy L, Arnott I, Clement C, Cohen D et al. Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid-resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT): a mixed methods, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1:15–24.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grant RK, Jones GR, Plevris N, Lynch RW, Jenkinson PW, Lees CW et al. The ACE (albumin, CRP and endoscopy) index in acute colitis: a simple clinical index on admission that predicts outcome in patients with acute ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27:451–457.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, Hendy PA, Smith PJ, Limdi JK et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2019;68:s1–s106.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spinelli A, Bonovas S, Burisch J, Kucharzik T, Adamina M, Annese V et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: surgical treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:179–189.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:103–110.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, Nolan DJ, Mortensen NM, Kettlewell MG et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996;38:905–910.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ, Fennell JM, Shah NB, Prescott RJ et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:1079–1087.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindgren SC, Flood LM, Kilander AF, Löfberg R, Persson TB, Sjödahl RI. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10:831–835.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gibson DJ, Hartery K, Doherty J, Nolan J, Keegan D, Byrne K et al. CRP/albumin ratio: an early predictor of steroid responsiveness in acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:e48–e52.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams A, Gupta V, Mohsen W, Chapman TP, Subhaharan D, Kakkadasam Ramaswamy P et al. Early management of acute severe UC in the biologics era: development and international validation of a prognostic clinical index to predict steroid response. Gut 2023;72:433–442.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Croft A, Okano S, Hartel G, Lord A, Walker G, Tambakis G et al. A personalised algorithm predicting the risk of intravenous corticosteroid failure in acute ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;60:921–933.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park SB, Kim SJ, Lee J, Lee YJ, Baek DH, Seo GS et al. Efficacy of sigmoidoscopy for evaluating disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22:83.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu XY, Tian ZB, Zhang LJ, Liu AL, Zhang XF, Wu J et al. Clinical value of the Toronto inflammatory bowel disease global endoscopic reporting score in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29:6208–6221.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corte C, Fernandopulle N, Catuneanu AM, Burger D, Cesarini M, White L et al. Association between the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) and outcomes in acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:376–381.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnes A, Spizzo P, Mountifield R. Corticosteroid exposure prior to admission and predicting need for rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis. Intern Med J. 2022;52:828–833.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deloshaan S, Pradeep KR, Dheeraj S, Hadi M, Maneesha B, Naveed I et al. P069 admission steroid use, serum albumin and endoscopic severity predict intravenous steroid failure in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Off J Am College Gastroenterol. 2020;115:S18.

Google Scholar 

Jain S, Kedia S, Bopanna S, Sachdev V, Sahni P, Dash NR et al. Faecal calprotectin and UCEIS predict short-term outcomes in acute severe colitis: prospective cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:1309–1316.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta V, Mohsen W, Adams A, Murphy A, Sathananthan D, Cripps S et al. P241 Early prediction of outcome in acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASC): comparison of clinical and endoscopic indices at presentation, with day 3 criteria. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2020;14:S266–S266.

Google Scholar 

Lynch RW, Churchhouse AM, Protheroe A, Arnott ID. Predicting outcome in acute severe ulcerative colitis: comparison of the Travis and Ho scores using UK IBD audit data. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:1132–1141.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moore AC, Bressler B. Acute severe ulcerative colitis: the oxford criteria no longer predict in-hospital colectomy rates. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65:576–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05668-6

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar