Collaborators GBDS (2021) Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol 20(10):795–820

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang R, Liu H, Pu L, Zhao T, Zhang S, Han K et al (2023) Global burden of ischemic stroke in young adults in 204 countries and territories. Neurology 100(4):e422–e434

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rost NS, Brodtmann A, Pase MP, van Veluw SJ, Biffi A, Duering M et al (2022) Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia. Circ Res 130(8):1252–1271

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Das J, Rajanikant GK (2018) Post stroke depression: the sequelae of cerebral stroke. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 90:104–14

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brorson JR, Cifu AS (2019) Management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. JAMA 322(8):777–778

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prabhakaran S, Ruff I, Bernstein RA (2015) Acute stroke intervention: a systematic review. JAMA 313(14):1451–1462

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deng G, Xiao J, Yu H, Chen M, Shang K, Qin C et al (2022) Predictors of futile recanalization after endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 14(9):881–885

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Collins VE, Macleod MR, Donnan GA, Horky LL, van der Worp BH, Howells DW (2006) 1,026 experimental treatments in acute stroke. Ann Neurol 59(3):467–477

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grossman AW, Broderick JP (2013) Advances and challenges in treatment and prevention of ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 74(3):363–372

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou Z, Lu J, Liu WW, Manaenko A, Hou X, Mei Q et al (2018) Advances in stroke pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 191:23–42

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu J, Wang A, Meng X, Yalkun G, Xu A, Gao Z et al (2021) Edaravone dexborneol versus edaravone alone for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial. Stroke 52(3):772–780

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui LY, Zhu YC, Gao S, Wang JM, Peng B, Ni J et al (2013) Ninety-day administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial. Chin Med J 126(18):3405–3410 (Engl)

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen SQ, Mao DY, Wei DC, He WZ (2020) Human urinary kallindinogenase therapy for acute ischemic stroke according to Chinese ischemic stroke subclassification: Clinical efficacy and risk factors. Brain Behav 10(1):e01461

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu D, Li M, Fisher M, Ji X (2022) Brain cytoprotection of ischemic stroke in the era of effective reperfusion. Sci Bull 67(23):2372–2375 (Beijing)

Article  Google Scholar 

Wu QJ, Tymianski M (2018) Targeting NMDA receptors in stroke: new hope in neuroprotection. Mol Brain 11(1):15

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giorgi C, Baldassari F, Bononi A, Bonora M, De Marchi E, Marchi S et al (2012) Mitochondrial Ca(2+) and apoptosis. Cell Calcium 52(1):36–43

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Woodruff TM, Thundyil J, Tang SC, Sobey CG, Taylor SM, Arumugam TV (2011) Pathophysiology, treatment, and animal and cellular models of human ischemic stroke. Mol Neurodegener 6(1):11

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G, Penninger JM, Uversky VN, Pratico D et al (2021) Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: from molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 225:107848

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang X, Andjelkovic AV, Zhu L, Yang T, Bennett MVL, Chen J et al (2018) Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 163–164:144–171

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang SR, Phan TG, Sobey CG (2021) Targeting the immune system for ischemic stroke. Trends Pharmacol Sci 42(2):96–105

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hill MD, Goyal M, Menon BK, Nogueira RG, McTaggart RA, Demchuk AM et al (2020) Efficacy and safety of nerinetide for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (ESCAPE-NA1): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 395(10227):878–887

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huo Y, Feng X, Niu M, Wang L, Xie Y, Wang L et al (2021) Therapeutic time windows of compounds against NMDA receptors signaling pathways for ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 99(12):3204–3221

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lapchak PA (2010) A critical assessment of edaravone acute ischemic stroke efficacy trials: is edaravone an effective neuroprotective therapy? Expert Opin Pharmacother 11(10):1753–1763

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Almeida JR, Souza GR, Silva JC, Saraiva SR, Junior RG, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J et al (2013) Borneol, a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, reduces nociceptive behavior and inflammatory response in mice. Sci World J 2013:808460

Wu HY, Tang Y, Gao LY, Sun WX, Hua Y, Yang SB et al (2014) The synergetic effect of edaravone and borneol in the rat model of ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 740:522–531

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin W, Lan L, Huang Z, Ji J, Fang J, Wang X et al (2016) Discovery of a ring-opened derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide bearing NO/H2S-donating moieties as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent. Eur J Med Chem 115:369–380

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Ye K, Li D, Liu Y, Wang D (2022) DL-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 13:963118

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shin S, Lee Y, Chang WH, Sohn MK, Lee J, Kim DY et al (2022) Multifaceted assessment of functional outcomes in survivors of first-time stroke. JAMA Netw Open 5(9):e2233094

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vink JJT, van Lieshout ECC, Otte WM, van Eijk RPA, Kouwenhoven M, Neggers SFW et al (2023) Continuous theta-burst stimulation of the contralesional primary motor cortex for promotion of upper limb recovery after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 54(8):1962–1971

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dawson J, Pierce D, Dixit A, Kimberley TJ, Robertson M, Tarver B et al (2016) Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation paired with upper-limb rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. Stroke 47(1):143–150

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bahr-Hosseini M, Nael K, Unal G, Iacoboni M, Liebeskind DS, Bikson M et al (2023) High-definition cathodal direct current stimulation for treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 6(6):e2319231

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barker RA, Gotz M, Parmar M (2018) New approaches for brain repair-from rescue to reprogramming. Nature 557(7705):329–334

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andrzejewska A, Dabrowska S, Lukomska B, Janowski M (2021) Mesenchymal stem cells for neurological disorders. Adv Sci 8(7):2002944 (Weinh)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K (2015) 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases are sensors of energy metabolism, oxygen availability, and iron homeostasis: potential role in the regulation of aging process. Cell Mol Life Sci 72(20):3897–3914

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Provenzano R, Besarab A, Wright S, Dua S, Zeig S, Nguyen P et al (2016) Roxadustat (FG-4592) Versus epoetin alfa for anemia in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: a phase 2, randomized, 6- to 19-week, open-label, active-comparator, dose-ranging, safety and exploratory efficacy study. Am J Kidney Dis 67(6):912–924

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen N, Hao C, Liu BC, Lin H, Wang C, Xing C et al (2019) Roxadustat treatment for anemia in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. N Engl J Med 381(11):1011–1022

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chu HX, Jones NM (2016) Changes in hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and regulatory prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the neonatal rat. Neurochem Res 41(3):515–522

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barks A, Beeson MM, Hallstrom TC, Georgieff MK, Tran PV (2022) Developmental iron deficiency dysregulates TET activity and DNA hydroxymethylation in the rat hippocampus and cerebellum. Dev Neurosci 44(2):80–90

Article  CAS  PubMed