Ahuja CS, Wilson JR, Nori S, Kotter MRN, Druschel C, Curt A, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Primer. 2017;27(3):17018.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boschen KA, Tonack M, Gargaro J. Long-term adjustment and community reintegration following spinal cord injury. Int J Rehabil Res. 2003;26(3):157–64.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siddall PJ, Loeser JD. Pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(2):63–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anson CA, Shepherd C. Incidence of secondary complications in spinal cord injury. Int J Rehabil Res. 1996;19(1):55–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tator CH, Fehlings MG. Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(1):15–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pineau I, Lacroix S. Proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in the injured mouse spinal cord: multiphasic expression pattern and identification of the cell types involved. J Comp Neurol. 2007;500(2):267–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choo AM, Liu J, Lam CK, Dvorak M, Tetzlaff W, Oxland TR. Contusion, dislocation, and distraction: primary hemorrhage and membrane permeability in distinct mechanisms of spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;6(3):255–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LaPlaca MC, Simon CM, Prado GR, Cullen DK. CNS injury biomechanics and experimental models. Prog Brain Res. 2007;161:13–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin LY, Li J, Wang KF, Xia WW, Zhu ZQ, Wang CR, et al. Blood-spinal cord barrier in spinal cord injury: a review. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(9):1203–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bell RD, Winkler EA, Singh I, Sagare AP, Deane R, Wu Z, et al. Apolipoprotein E controls cerebrovascular integrity via cyclophilin A. Nature. 2012;485(7399):512–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Z, Nelson AR, Betsholtz C, Zlokovic BV. Establishment and dysfunction of the blood–brain barrier. Cell. 2015;163(5):1064–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daneman R, Zhou L, Kebede AA, Barres BA. Pericytes are required for blood–brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis. Nature. 2010;468(7323):562–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Armulik A, Genove G, Mae M, Nisancioglu MH, Wallgard E, Niaudet C, et al. Pericytes regulate the blood–brain barrier. Nature. 2010;468(7323):557–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zlokovic BV, Begley DJ, Chain-Eliash DG. Blood–brain barrier permeability to leucine-enkephalin, d-alanine2-d-leucine5-enkephalin and their N-terminal amino acid (tyrosine). Brain Res. 1985;336(1):125–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zlokovic BV, Segal MB, Begley DJ, Davson H, Rakic L. Permeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid and blood–brain barriers to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Brain Res. 1985;358(1–2):191–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Attwell D, Buchan AM, Charpak S, Lauritzen M, Macvicar BA, Newman EA. Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow. Nature. 2010;468(7321):232–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamilton NB, Attwell D, Hall CN. Pericyte-mediated regulation of capillary diameter: a component of neurovascular coupling in health and disease. Front Neuroenergetics. 2010;2:1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Armulik A, Genove G, Betsholtz C. Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises. Dev Cell. 2011;21(2):193–215.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abbott NJ, Ronnback L, Hansson E. Astrocyte–endothelial interactions at the blood–brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7(1):41–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zlokovic BV. The blood–brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Neuron. 2008;57(2):178–201.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pardridge WM. Drug and gene targeting to the brain with molecular Trojan horses. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;1(2):131–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hemley SJ, Tu J, Stoodley MA. Role of the blood-spinal cord barrier in posttraumatic syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;11(6):696–704.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JY, Kim HS, Choi HY, Oh TH, Yune TY. Fluoxetine inhibits matrix metalloprotease activation and prevents disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier after spinal cord injury. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 8):2375–89.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johannessen CU. Mechanisms of action of valproate: a commentatory. Neurochem Int. 2000;37(2–3):103–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chopra M, Bhagwani A, Kumar H. The provenance, providence, and position of endothelial cells in injured spinal cord vascular pathology. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2023;43(4):1519–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Winkler EA, Sengillo JD, Bell RD, Wang J, Zlokovic BV. Blood-spinal cord barrier pericyte reductions contribute to increased capillary permeability. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(10):1841–52.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dohgu S, Takata F, Yamauchi A, Nakagawa S, Egawa T, Naito M, et al. Brain pericytes contribute to the induction and up-regulation of blood–brain barrier functions through transforming growth factor-beta production. Brain Res. 2005;1038(2):208–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayashi K, Nakao S, Nakaoke R, Nakagawa S, Kitagawa N, Niwa M. Effects of hypoxia on endothelial/pericytic co-culture model of the blood–brain barrier. Regul Pept. 2004;123(1–3):77–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Winkler EA, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV. Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(11):1398–405.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matsushita T, Lankford KL, Arroyo EJ, Sasaki M, Neyazi M, Radtke C, et al. Diffuse and persistent blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after contusive spinal cord injury rapidly recovers following intravenous infusion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Neurol. 2015;267:152–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goritz C, Dias DO, Tomilin N, Barbacid M, Shupliakov O, Frisen J. A pericyte origin of spinal cord scar tissue. Science. 2011;333(6039):238–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hesp ZC, Yoseph RY, Suzuki R, Jukkola P, Wilson C, Nishiyama A, et al. Proliferating NG2-cell-dependent angiogenesis and scar formation alter axon growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. J Neurosci. 2018;38(6):1366–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hessvik NP, Llorente A. Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75(2):193–208.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9(6):654–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanez-Mo M, Siljander PR, Andreu Z, Zavec AB, Borras FE, Buzas EI, et al. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015;4:27066.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim JH. Review of the isolation, characterization, biological function, and multifarious therapeutic approaches of exosomes. Cells. 2019;8(4):1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Willis GR, Kourembanas S, Mitsialis SA. Toward exosome-based therapeutics: isolation, heterogeneity, and fit-for-purpose potency. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2017;4:63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Society for Experimental N. Neurotherapeutics: The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics. Orlando: Elsevier; 2007. v.: ill.

Hall ED, Springer JE. Neuroprotection and acute spinal cord injury: a reappraisal. NeuroRx. 2004;1(1):80–100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central