Hemler EC, Hu FB. Plant-based diets for personal, population, and planetary health. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(Suppl_4):S275–83.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fresan U, Sabate J. Vegetarian diets: planetary health and its alignment with human health. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(Suppl_4):S380–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GBD Diseases Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–22.

Google Scholar 

Moreno LA, Meyer R, Donovan SM, Goulet O, Haines J, Kok FJ, et al. Perspective: striking a balance between planetary and human health: is there a path forward? Adv Nutr. 2021;13(2):355–75.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oussalah A, Levy J, Berthezene C, Alpers DH, Gueant JL. Health outcomes associated with vegetarian diets: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(11):3283–307.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

GBD Diet Collaborators. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1958–72.

Google Scholar 

Bechthold A, Boeing H, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, Knuppel S, Iqbal K, De Henauw S, Michels N, Devleesschauwer B, Schlesinger S, et al. Food groups and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(7):1071–90.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knuppel S, Iqbal K, Schwedhelm C, Bechthold A, Schlesinger S, Boeing H. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):363–75.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knuppel S, Iqbal K, Bechthold A, Schlesinger S, Boeing H. Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(6):1462–73.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ibsen DB, Laursen ASD, Wurtz AML, Dahm CC, Rimm EB, Parner ET, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU. Food substitution models for nutritional epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(2):294–303.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wurtz AML, Jakobsen MU, Bertoia ML, Hou T, Schmidt EB, Willett WC, Overvad K, Sun Q, Manson JE, Hu FB, et al. Replacing the consumption of red meat with other major dietary protein sources and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(3):612–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nielsen TB, Wurtz AML, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Dahm CC. Substitution of unprocessed and processed red meat with poultry or fish and total and cause-specific mortality. Br J Nutr. 2022;127(4):563–9.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Al-Shaar L, Satija A, Wang DD, Rimm EB, Smith-Warner SA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;371:m4141.

Zhong VW, Allen NB, Greenland P, Carnethon MR, Ning H, Wilkins JT, Lloyd-Jones DM, Van Horn L. Protein foods from animal sources, incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a substitution analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50(1):223–33.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hidayat K, Chen JS, Wang HP, Wang TC, Liu YJ, Zhang XY, Rao CP, Zhang JW, Qin LQ. Is replacing red meat with other protein sources associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr Rev. 2022;80(9):1959–73.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sterne JA, Hernan MA, Reeves BC, Savovic J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, Henry D, Altman DG, Ansari MT, Boutron I, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schunemann HJ, Cuello C, Akl EA, Mustafa RA, Meerpohl JJ, Thayer K, Morgan RL, Gartlehner G, Kunz R, Katikireddi SV, et al. GRADE guidelines: 18. How ROBINS-I and other tools to assess risk of bias in nonrandomized studies should be used to rate the certainty of a body of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:105–14.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Meerpohl J, Norris S, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(2):97–111.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015;45(Pt A):139–45.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borenstein M, Higgins JP, Hedges LV, Rothstein HR. Basics of meta-analysis: I(2) is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Res Synth Methods. 2017;8(1):5–18.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ. 2011;342: d549.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding M, Li J, Qi L, Ellervik C, Zhang X, Manson JE, et al. Associations of dairy intake with risk of mortality in women and men: three prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2019;367:l6204.

Pacheco LS, Li Y, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Sun Q, Rexrode K, Hu FB, Guasch-Ferre M. Avocado consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(7):e024014.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guasch-Ferré M, Liu G, Li Y, Sampson L, Manson JE, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Olive oil consumption and cardiovascular risk in U.S. adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(15):1729–39.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bernstein AM, Pan A, Rexrode KM, Stampfer M, Hu FB, Mozaffarian D, et al. Dietary protein sources and the risk of stroke in men and women. Stroke. 2012;43(3):637–44.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Malik VS, Li Y, Tobias DK, Pan A, Hu FB. Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(8):715–28.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zheng Y, Li Y, Satija A, Pan A, Sotos-Prieto M, Rimm E, Willett WC, Hu FB. Association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality among US women and men: two prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2019;365:l2110.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ibsen DB, Jakobsen MU, Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A, Kilpelainen TO, Parner ET, Overvad K. Replacing red meat with other nonmeat food sources of protein is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in a Danish cohort of middle-aged adults. J Nutr. 2021;151(5):1241–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, Carpenter J, Rucker G, Harbord RM, Schmid CH, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4002.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Higgins JPT GSe. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. In: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. Updated March 2011. Chapter 10.4.

Ardisson Korat AV, Li Y, Sacks F, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sun Q. Dairy fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in 3 cohorts of US men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(5):1192–200.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria C, Vupputuri S, Myers L, Whelton PK. Legume consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(21):2573–8.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

InterAct C, Bendinelli B, Palli D, Masala G, Sharp SJ, Schulze MB, Guevara M, van der AD, Sera F, Amiano P, et al. Association between dietary meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetologia. 2013;56(1):47–59.

Google Scholar 

Budhathoki S, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Goto A, Kotemori A, Ishihara J, Takachi R, Charvat H, Mizoue T, et al. Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese cohort. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(11):1509–18.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buil-Cosiales P, Zazpe I, Toledo E, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Diez-Espino J, Ros E, Fernandez-Creuet Navajas J, Santos-Lozano JM, Aros F, et al. Fiber intake and all-cause mortality in the Prevencion con Dieta Mediterranea (PREDIMED) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(6):1498–507.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chan R, Leung J, Woo J. High protein intake is associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in community-dwelling Chinese older men and women. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(10):987–96.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen GC, Chen LH, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Kamensky V, Shadyab AH, Haring B, Wild RA, Silver B, Kuller LH, Sun Y, et al. Dietary cholesterol and egg intake in relation to incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(4):948–59.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Li Y, Sun Q, Pan A, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(5):1209–17.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E, Mozaffarian D, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2014;12:215.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Glisic M, Song M, Aliahmad HA, Zhang X, Moumdjian AC, Gonzalez-Jaramillo V, van der Schaft N, Bramer WM, Ikram MA, et al. Dietary protein intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: results from the Rotterdam Study and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(5):411–29.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

de Goede J, Geleijnse JM, Boer JM, Kromhout D, Verschuren WM. Marine (n-3) fatty acids, fish consumption, and the 10-year risk of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease in a large population of Dutch adults with low fish intake. J Nutr. 2010;140(5):1023–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Oliveira Otto MC, Mozaffarian D, Kromhout D, Bertoni AG, Sibley CT, Jacobs DR Jr, Nettleton JA. Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(2):397–404.

PubMed  PubMed Central