Lim D, Fiorentino D, Werth V. Current concepts and advances in dermatomyositis: a dermatological perspective. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023;41(2):359–69.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman BM, Rider LG, Reed AM, Pachman LM. Juvenile dermatomyositis and other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of childhood. Lancet. 2008;371(9631):2201–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cobos GA, Femia A, Vleugels RA. Dermatomyositis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020;21(3):339–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ionescu MD, Popescu NA, Stănescu D, Enculescu A, Bălgrădean M, Căpitănescu GM, et al. The challenging diagnosis of interstitial lung Disease in Children-One Case Report and Literature Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11:22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Richardson AE, Warrier K, Vyas H. Respiratory Complications of the rheumatological Diseases in childhood. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101(8):752–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abe K, Furuta S, Kobayashi Y, Sugiyama T, Kagami S-I, Nakagomi D et al. Prognosis of spontaneous pneumomediastinum occurring in dermatomyositis or polymyositis patients with interstitial lung Disease according to antimelanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody status: a retrospective cohort study. RMD Open. 2023;9(1).

Laenger FP, Schwerk N, Dingemann J, Welte T, Auber B, Verleden S et al. Interstitial lung Disease in infancy and early childhood: a clinicopathological primer. Eur Respir Rev. 2022;31(163).

Ramamurthy MB, Goh DYT, Lim MTC. Rare lung Diseases: interstitial lung Diseases and Lung manifestations of Rheumatological Diseases. Indian J Pediatr. 2015;82(10):956–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Svensson J, Holmqvist M, Lundberg IE, Arkema EV. Infections and respiratory tract Disease as risk factors for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a population-based case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1803–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Peña P, Boixadera H, Barber I, Toran N, Lucaya J, Enríquez G. Thoracic findings of systemic Diseases at high-resolution CT in children. Radiographics. 2011;31(2):465–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu W, Guo L, Fu Y, Wang K, Zhang D, Xu W, et al. Interstitial lung Disease in Anti-MDA5 positive dermatomyositis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2021;60(2):293–304.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu X, Liu L, Xu X, Ma Q, Teng L, Zhou H, et al. Etiologic Profile of older children with diffuse radiological changes in Eastern China. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:823350.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gono T, Kaneko H, Kawaguchi Y, Hanaoka M, Kataoka S, Kuwana M, et al. Cytokine profiles in polymyositis and dermatomyositis complicated by rapidly Progressive or chronic interstitial lung Disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(12):2196–203.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fischer A, Antoniou KM, Brown KK, Cadranel J, Corte TJ, du Bois RM, et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society research statement: interstitial Pneumonia with autoimmune features. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(4):976–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, Werth VP, Pilkington C, de Visser M, et al. 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Adult and Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(12):2271–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clement A. Task force on chronic interstitial lung Disease in immunocompetent children. Eur Respir J. 2004;24(4):686–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal R, Rider LG, Ruperto N, Bayat N, Erman B, Feldman BM, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism criteria for minimal, moderate, and major clinical response in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation Collaborative Initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(5):792–801.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oddis CV, Rider LG, Reed AM, Ruperto N, Brunner HI, Koneru B, et al. International consensus guidelines for trials of therapies in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(9):2607–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeWane ME, Waldman R, Lu J, Dermatomyositis. Clinical features and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(2):267–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yeung T-W, Cheong K-N, Lau Y-L, Tse K-CN. Adolescent-onset anti-MDA5 antibody-positive juvenile dermatomyositis with rapidly Progressive interstitial lung Disease and spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2021;19(1):103.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mamyrova G, Kishi T, Shi M, Targoff IN, Huber AM, Curiel RV, et al. Anti-MDA5 autoantibodies associated with juvenile dermatomyositis constitute a distinct phenotype in North America. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(4):1839–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun K-Y, Fan Y, Wang Y-X, Zhong Y-J, Wang G-F. Prevalence of interstitial lung Disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(1):175–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dias Junior AG, Sampaio NG, Rehwinkel J. A Balancing Act: MDA5 in antiviral immunity and autoinflammation. Trends Microbiol. 2019;27(1):75–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nombel A, Fabien N, Coutant F. Dermatomyositis with Anti-MDA5 antibodies: Bioclinical Features, Pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Front Immunol. 2021;12:773352.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, Gunawardena H, Jacques TS, Owens CM, Pilkington C, et al. Anti-MDA5 autoantibodies in juvenile dermatomyositis identify a distinct clinical phenotype: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(4):R138.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim M, Harvey S, Danoff SK, Mecoli CA, Albayda J, Paik JJ, et al. Rapidly Progressive interstitial lung Disease in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis: serial changes on HRCT. Emerg Radiol. 2022;29(6):961–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

So J, So H, Wong VT-L, Ho R, Wu TY, Wong PC-H, et al. Predictors of rapidly Progressive interstitial lung Disease and mortality in patients with autoantibodies against Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(11):4437–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li L, Wang Q, Wen X, Liu C, Wu C, Yang F, et al. Assessment of anti-MDA5 antibody as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung Disease or rapidly Progressive interstitial lung Disease. Oncotarget. 2017;8(44):76129–40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Quan C, Diao L, Xue F, Xue K, Wang B, et al. Measurement of cytokines and chemokines and association with clinical severity of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(6):1334–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shirakashi M, Nakashima R, Tsuji H, Tanizawa K, Handa T, Hosono Y, et al. Efficacy of plasma exchange in anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis with interstitial lung Disease under combined immunosuppressive treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(11):3284–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brigden ML. Clinical utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60(5):1443–50.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu J, Liu C, Zhou X, Tang J, Liu S, Tang M, et al. Palmar Erythema and palmar papules as predictors for dermatomyositis-related acute/subacute interstitial lung Disease: a retrospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;61(1):413–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu M, Zheng F, Ma X, Liu L, Shen C, Wu J, et al. Assessment of Thigh MRI Radiomics and clinical characteristics for assisting in discrimination of Juvenile Dermatomyositis. J Clin Med. 2022;11:22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lin T-W, Hu Y-C, Chiang B-L. Characterization of the biomarkers related to the clinical course and outcomes of juvenile dermatomyositis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023;56(2):416–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park JK, Gelber AC, George M, Danoff SK, Qubti MA, Christopher-Stine L. Pulmonary impairment, not muscle injury, is associated with elevated ESR in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(7):1336–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Go DJ, Lee EY, Lee EB, Song YW, Konig MF, Park JK. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate is predictive of interstitial lung Disease and Mortality in Dermatomyositis: a Korean Retrospective Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(3):389–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu W, Xu W, Sun W, Zhang D, Zhao J, Luo Q, et al. Forced vital capacity predicts the survival of interstitial lung Disease in anti-MDA5 positive dermatomyositis: a multi-centre cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;61(1):230–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gutsche M, Rosen GD, Swigris JJ. Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung Disease: a review. Curr Respir Care Rep. 2012;1:224–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar