Gutiérrez-Cuevas J, Lucano-Landeros S, López-Cifuentes D, et al. Epidemiologic, genetic, pathogenic, metabolic, epigenetic aspects involved in NASH-HCC: current therapeutic strategies. Cancers (Basel). 2022;15:23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77:1335–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Powell EE, Wong VW, Rinella M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet. 2021;397:2212–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Z, Yang N, He L, et al. Estimates and trends of the global burden of NASH-related liver cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in 1990–2019: analysis of data from the 2019 global burden of disease study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15:6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan DJH, Ng CH, Lin SY, et al. Clinical characteristics, surveillance, treatment allocation, and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23:521–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Targher G, Corey KE, Byrne CD, et al. The complex link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus - mechanisms and treatments. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:599–612.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

United Nations DoEaSA, population division (2019). World population prospects 2019: highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/423). In.

Cheng X, Yang Y, Schwebel DC, et al. Population ageing and mortality during 1990–2017: a global decomposition analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17: e1003138.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Zheng J, Hao J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer by five etiologies and global prediction by 2035 based on global burden of disease study 2019. Cancer Med. 2022;11:1310–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi S, Kim BK, Yon DK, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer and its association with underlying aetiologies, sociodemographic status, and sex differences from 1990–2019: A DALY-based analysis of the global burden of disease 2019 study. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29:433–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pang J, Chen K, Chen S, et al. Global burden of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cancer, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the GBD 2019. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14:112.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mubarik S, Yu Y, Wang F, et al. Epidemiological and sociodemographic transitions of female breast cancer incidence, death, case fatality and DALYs in 21 world regions and globally, from 1990 to 2017: an age-period-cohort analysis. J Adv Res. 2022;37:185–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

GBD 2019 diseases and injuries collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

GBD 2019 risk factors collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1223–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, et al. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000;19:335–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu S, Zhang F, Zhao G, et al. Trends in the global burden of oral cancer joint with attributable risk factors: Results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Oral Oncol. 2022;134: 106189.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosenberg PS, Check DP, Anderson WF. A web tool for age-period-cohort analysis of cancer incidence and mortality rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23:2296–302.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Das Gupta P. Standardization and decomposition of rates from cross-classified data. Genus. 1994;50:171–96.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta PD: Standardization and decomposition of rates: a users’s manual. washington d 1993.

Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Loomba R, Anstee QM, et al. Diagnostic modalities for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and associated fibrosis. Hepatology. 2018;68:349–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gutiérrez-Cuevas J, Santos A, Armendariz-Borunda J. Pathophysiological molecular mechanisms of obesity: a link between MAFLD and NASH with cardiovascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:11629.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou J, Zhou F, Wang W, et al. Epidemiological features of NAFLD from 1999 to 2018 in China. Hepatology. 2020;71:1851–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han A, Sun T, Ming J, et al. Are the Chinese moving toward a healthy diet? Evidence from macro data from 1961 to 2017. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5294.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Hu XM, Chen TJ, et al. Rural-urban differences of dietary patterns, overweight, and bone mineral status in Chinese students. Nutrients. 2016;8:537.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Ren J, Zhou W, et al. Lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Lean-NAFLD) and the development of metabolic syndrome: a retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2022;12:10977.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Zhao L, Gao L, et al. Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:446–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;960:1–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seidell JC, Halberstadt J. The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(Suppl 2):7–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang D, Xu Y, Zhu Z, et al. Changes in the global, regional, and national burdens of NAFLD from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1047129.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133: 155217.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pirillo A, Casula M, Olmastroni E, et al. Global epidemiology of dyslipidaemias. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18:689–700.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedman SL, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Rinella M, et al. Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nat Med. 2018;24:908–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 2016;37:278–316.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tchernof A, Després JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:359–404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maric C. Sex differences in cardiovascular disease and hypertension: involvement of the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension. 2005;46:475–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DiStefano JK. NAFLD and NASH in postmenopausal women: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinology. 2020;161:bqaa134.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Camhi SM, Bray GA, Bouchard C, et al. The relationship of waist circumference and BMI to visceral, subcutaneous, and total body fat: sex and race differences. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19:402–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calcinotto A, Kohli J, Zagato E, et al. Cellular senescence: aging, cancer, and injury. Physiol Rev. 2019;99:1047–78.

Ar