Gao C, Sun X, Lu L, Liu F, Yuan J. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;10:154–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a public health perspective. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:S141–146.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu Q, Ge Z, Hu J, Shen S, Bi Y, Zhu D. The association of gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2019;25:1137–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaillard R. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular development and disease in the offspring. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30:1141–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha S, Misso M, Boyle JA, Black MH, et al. Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2017;317:2207–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haugen M, Brantsæter AL, Winkvist A, Lissner L, Alexander J, Oftedal B, et al. Associations of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with pregnancy outcome and postpartum weight retention: a prospective observational cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2014;14:201.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kominiarek MA, Saade G, Mele L, Bailit J, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, et al. Association between gestational weight gain and perinatal outcomes. Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;132:875–81.

Article  Google Scholar 

Institute of M, National Research Council Committee to Reexamine IOMPWG. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In Weight gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines (Eds Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL) Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.

Scifres C, Feghali M, Althouse AD, Caritis S, Catov J. Adverse outcomes and potential targets for iIntervention in gestational diabetes and obesity. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126:316–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Viecceli C, Remonti LR, Hirakata VN, Mastella LS, Gnielka V, Oppermann ML, et al. Weight gain adequacy and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis. Obesity Rev. 2017;18:567–80.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gou BH, Guan HM, Bi YX, Ding BJ. Gestational diabetes: weight gain during pregnancy and its relationship to pregnancy outcomes. Chinese Med. J. 2019;132:154–60.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Artal R, Lockwood CJ, Brown HL. Weight gain recommendations in pregnancy and the obesity epidemic. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010;115:152–155.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1991–2002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2015;33:676–82.

Disse E, Graeppi-Dulac J, Joncour-Mills G, Dupuis O, Thivolet C. Heterogeneity of pregnancy outcomes and risk of LGA neonates in Caucasian females according to IADPSG criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metabol. 2013;39:132–138.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hanefeld M, Koehler C, Fuecker K, Henkel E, Schaper F, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity pattern is different in isolated impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose: the risk factor in Impaired Glucose Tolerance for Atherosclerosis and Diabetes study. Diabetes care. 2003;26:868–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnes RA, Wong T, Ross GP, Griffiths MM, Smart CE, Collins CE, et al. Excessive weight gain before and during gestational diabetes mellitus management: what is the impact? Diabetes Care. 2020;43:74–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowers K, Tobias DK, Yeung E, Hu FB, Zhang C. A prospective study of prepregnancy dietary fat intake and risk of gestational diabetes. Am J Clin Nutri. 2012;95:446–53.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wong T, Barnes RA, Ross GP, Cheung NW, Flack JR. Are the Institute of Medicine weight gain targets applicable in women with gestational diabetes mellitus? Diabetologia. 2017;60:416–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farrar D, Simmonds M, Bryant M, Sheldon TA, Tuffnell D, Golder S, et al. Hyperglycaemia and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;354:i4694.

Brown MA, Lindheimer MD, de Swiet M, Van Assche A, Moutquin JM. The classification and diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: statement from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Hypertens Pregnancy. 2001;20:ix–xiv.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gui YH, Xue XD, Du LZ, Mu DZ, Luo XP, Jiang YW, et al. (eds) Pediatrics. 3rd Edn. 2015. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House; 2015.

Barquiel B, Herranz L, Grande C, Castro-Dufourny I, Llaro M, Parra P, et al. Body weight, weight gain and hyperglycaemia are associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Metabol. 2014;40:204–10.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Alcala BB, de la Morena LH, Duforny IC, Casas MGL, Ramirez PP, Furio MJ, et al. Pregnancy induced hypertensive disorder is related to HbA(1c), BMI and weight gain in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetologia. 2012;55:S40–S40.

Google Scholar 

Faucher MA, Hastings-Tolsma M, Song JJ, Willoughby DS, Bader SG. Gestational weight gain and preterm birth in obese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2012;123:199–206.

Article  Google Scholar 

Johnson J, Clifton RG, Roberts JM, Myatt L, Hauth JC, Spong CY, et al. Pregnancy outcomes with weight gain above or below the 2009 Institute of Medicine Guidelines. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121:969–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pigatti Silva F, Souza RT, Cecatti JG, Passini R Jr, Tedesco RP, Lajos GJ, et al. Role of Body Mass Index and gestational weight gain on preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes. Sci Rep. 2019;9:12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Truong YN, Yee LM, Caughey AB, Cheng YW. Weight gain in pregnancy: does the Institute of Medicine have it right? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212:362.e1–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li CM, Liu YJ, Zhang WY. Joint and independent associations of gestational weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index with outcomes of pregnancy in Chinese women: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10:15.

Google Scholar 

Kc K, Shakya S, Zhang H. Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: a literature review. Ann Nutr Metabol. 2015;66:14–20.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mack LR, Tomich PG. Gestational diabetes: diagnosis, classification, and clinical care. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 2017;44:207–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Carpenter MW, Ramin SM, Casey B, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1339–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2477–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sacks DA, Hadden DR, Maresh M, Deerochanawong C, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, et al. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:526–528.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Silveira L, Schmidt MI, Reichelt AAJ, Drehmer M. Obesity, gestational weight gain, and birth weight in women with gestational diabetes: the LINDA-Brasil (2014–2017) and the EBDG (1991–1995) studies. J Pediatr. 2020;97:167–76.

Chiou YL, Hung CH, Liao HY. The impact of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on perinatal outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Worldviews Evid. Nurs. 2018;15:313–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:753–759.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdul-Ghani MA, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA. Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1130–1139.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chow EYK, Chan JCN. Insulin resistance versus beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: where public and personalised health meet. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587 (19)30421-8.

Black MH, Sacks DA, Xiang AH, Lawrence JM. Clinical outcomes of pregnancies complicated by mild gestational diabetes mellitus differ by combinations of abnormal oral glucose tolerance test values. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2524–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bendor CD, Bardugo A, Rotem RS, Derazne E, Gerstein HC, Tzur D, et al. Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and offspring obesity in late adolescence. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:1540–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scholtens DM, Kuang A, Lowe LP, Hamilton J, Lawrence JM, Lebenthal Y, et al. HAPO follow-up study cooperative research group; hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study (HAPO FUS): maternal glycemia and childhood glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:381–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Catalano PM, McIntyre HD, Cruickshank JK, McCance DR, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, et al. The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:780–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Lee CS, Zhang L, Wu Q, Chen Y, Chen D, et al. The influence of HbA1c and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:842428.

Article  PubMed