Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pohl P, Slepecki P, Spielauer M. STATSIM: Statistics Austria’s dynamic microsimulation model for official population projections. Statistical Journal of the IAOS. 2024;40(4):969–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/18747655241308058.

Article  Google Scholar 

ESMO Handbook on Cancer in the Senior Patient, 2nd Edition, 2015

Li L, Shan T, Zhang D, Ma F. Nowcasting and forecasting global aging and cancer burden: analysis of data from the GLOBOCAN and Global Burden of Disease Study. J Natl Cancer Cent. 2024;4(3):223–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jncc.2024.05.002.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wildiers H, Heeren P, Puts M, et al. International Society of Geriatric Oncology consensus on geriatric assessment in older patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(24):2595–603. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8347.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loh KP, Liposits G, Arora SP, et al. Adequate assessment yields appropriate care-the role of geriatric assessment and management in older adults with cancer: a position paper from the ESMO/SIOG Cancer in the Elderly Working Group. ESMO Open. 2024;9(8)103657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103657.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bergerot CD, Temin S, Verduzco-Aguirre HC, et al. Geriatric Assessment: ASCO Global Guideline. JCO Glob Oncol. 2025;11:e2500276. https://doi.org/10.1200/GO-25-00276.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dale W, Klepin HD, Williams GR, et al. Practical Assessment and Management of Vulnerabilities in Older Patients Receiving Systemic Cancer Therapy: ASCO Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(26):4293–312. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.23.00933.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Medizinische Onkologie. https://www.dgho.de/arbeitskreise/a-g/geriatrische-onkologie. Zugriff am 19 Oct 2025.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geriatrie e. V. (DGG). S3-Leitlinie „Umfassendes Geriatrisches Assessment (Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, CGA) bei hospitalisierten Patientinnen und Patienten“. Langversion 1.1. 2024. https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/084-003. Accessed 19 Oct 2025.

Oken MM, Creech RH, Tormey DC, et al. Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Clin Oncol. 1982;5(6):649–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karnofsky DABJ, Burchenal JOSEPH. Evaluation of chemotherpeutic agents. NY, New York: Columbia University; 1949.

Google Scholar 

Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Abbema DL, van den Akker M, Janssen-Heijnen ML, et al. Patient- and tumor-related predictors of chemotherapy intolerance in older patients with cancer: A systematic review. J Geriatr Oncol. 2019;10(1):31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2018.04.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hurria A, Togawa K, Mohile SG, et al. Predicting chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer: a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(25):3457–65. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.7625.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hurria A, Mohile S, Gajra A, et al. Validation of a Prediction Tool for Chemotherapy Toxicity in Older Adults With Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(20):2366–71. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.65.4327.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alibhai SM, Aziz S, Manokumar T, Timilshina N, Breunis H. A comparison of the CARG tool, the VES-13, and oncologist judgment in predicting grade 3+ toxicities in men undergoing chemotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer. J Geriatr Oncol. 2017;8(1):31–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2016.09.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ostwal V, Ramaswamy A, Bhargava P, et al. Cancer Aging Research Group (CARG) score in older adults undergoing curative intent chemotherapy: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6)e047376. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047376.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Extermann M, Boler I, Reich RR, et al. Predicting the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in older patients: the Chemotherapy Risk Assessment Scale for High-Age Patients (CRASH) score. Cancer Cytopathol. 2012;118(13):3377–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26646.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosko AE, Huang Y, Wall SA, et al. Predictive ability of the Cancer and Aging Research Group chemotherapy toxicity calculator in hematologic malignancy. J Geriatr Oncol. 2025;16(1)102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2024.102144.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magnuson A, Loh KP, Stauffer F, et al. Geriatric assessment for the practicing clinician: The why, what, and how. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(6):496–518. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21864.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loh KP, Mohile SG, Epstein RM, et al. Willingness to bear adversity and beliefs about the curability of advanced cancer in older adults. Cancer Cytopathol. 2019;125(14):2506–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32074.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, Dale W, Katheria V, et al. Outcome prioritization and preferences among older adults with cancer starting chemotherapy in a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Cytopathol. 2024;130(17):3000–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.35333.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fried TR, Bradley EH, Towle VR, Allore H. Understanding the treatment preferences of seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(14):1061–6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa012528.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamaker M, Lund C, Te Molder M, et al. Geriatric assessment in the management of older patients with cancer - A systematic review (update). J Geriatr Oncol. 2022;13(6):761–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2022.04.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anwar MR, Yeretzian ST, Ayala AP, et al. Effectiveness of geriatric assessment and management in older cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2023;115(12):1483–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djad200.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dale W, Williams GR, R MacKenzie A, et al. How Is Geriatric Assessment Used in Clinical Practice for Older Adults With Cancer? A Survey of Cancer Providers by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. JCO Oncol Pract. 2021;17(6):336–44. https://doi.org/10.1200/OP.20.00442.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soubeyran P, Bellera C, Goyard J, et al. Screening for vulnerability in older cancer patients: the ONCODAGE Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2014;9(12)e115060. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115060.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Williams G, et al. Practical Assessment and Management of Vulnerabilities in Older Patients Receiving Systemic Cancer Therapy: ASCO Guideline Questions and Answers. JCO Oncol Pract. 2023;19:718–23. https://doi.org/10.1200/OP.23.00263.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar