Basov, D. N., Fogler, M. M. & García de Abajo, F. J. Polaritons in van der Waals materials. Science 354, aag1992 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koppens, F. H., Chang, D. E. & García de Abajo, F. J. Graphene plasmonics: a platform for strong light–matter interactions. Nano Lett. 11, 3370–3377 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dai, S. et al. Tunable phonon polaritons in atomically thin van der Waals crystals of boron nitride. Science 343, 1125–1129 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caldwell, J. D. et al. Sub-diffractional volume-confined polaritons in the natural hyperbolic material hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Commun. 5, 5221 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poddubny, A., Iorsh, I., Belov, P. & Kivshar, Y. Hyperbolic metamaterials. Nat. Photonics 7, 948–957 (2013).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huo, P., Zhang, S., Liang, Y., Lu, Y. & Xu, T. Hyperbolic metamaterials and metasurfaces: fundamentals and applications. Adv. Opt. Mater. 7, 1801616 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferrari, L., Wu, C., Lepage, D., Zhang, X. & Liu, Z. Hyperbolic metamaterials and their applications. Prog. Quantum Electron. 40, 1–40 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Shekhar, P., Atkinson, J. & Jacob, Z. Hyperbolic metamaterials fundamentals and applications. Nano Convergence 1, 14 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo, Z., Jiang, H. & Chen, H. Hyperbolic metamaterials: from dispersion manipulation to applications. J. Appl. Phys. 127, 071101 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee, D. et al. Hyperbolic metamaterials: fusing artificial structures to natural 2D materials. eLight 2, 1 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Drachev, V. P., Podolskiy, V. A. & Kildishev, A. V. Hyperbolic metamaterials: new physics behind a classical problem. Opt. Express 21, 15048–15064 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo, Y. & Jacob, Z. Thermal hyperbolic metamaterials. Opt. Express 21, 15014–15019 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

High, A. A. et al. Visible-frequency hyperbolic metasurface. Nature 522, 192–196 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dai, Z. et al. Artificial metaphotonics born naturally in two dimensions. Chem. Rev. 120, 6197–6246 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Narimanov, E. E. & Kildishev, A. V. Naturally hyperbolic. Nat. Photonics 9, 214–216 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Korzeb, K., Gajc, M. & Pawlak, D. A. Compendium of natural hyperbolic materials. Opt. Express 23, 25406–25424 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jia, G. et al. Two-dimensional natural hyperbolic materials: from polaritons modulation to applications. Nanoscale 14, 17096–17118 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gjerding, M. N., Petersen, R., Pedersen, T. G., Mortensen, N. A. & Thygesen, K. S. Layered van der Waals crystals with hyperbolic light dispersion. Nat. Commun. 8, 320 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takayama, O. & Lavrinenko, A. V. Optics with hyperbolic materials. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36, 38–48 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hu, G., Shen, J., Qiu, C. W., Alù, A. & Dai, S. Phonon polaritons and hyperbolic response in van der Waals materials. Adv. Opt. Mater. 8, 1901393 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Xu, X. G. et al. One-dimensional surface phonon polaritons in boron nitride nanotubes. Nat. Commun. 5, 4782 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma, W. et al. Ghost hyperbolic surface polaritons in bulk anisotropic crystals. Nature 596, 362–366 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basov, D. N., Asenjo-García, A., Schuck, P. J., Zhu, X. & Rubio, A. Polariton panorama. Nanophotonics 10, 549–577 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Meng, Y. et al. Photonic van der Waals integration from 2D materials to 3D nanomembranes. Nat. Rev. Mater. 8, 498–517 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Novoselov, K. S., Mishchenko, A., Carvalho, A. & Castro Neto, A. 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures. Science 353, aac9439 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ren, W. et al. The 2D materials roadmap. 2D Mater. 13, 021501 (2026).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li, P. et al. Infrared hyperbolic metasurface based on nanostructured van der Waals materials. Science 359, 892–896 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma, W. et al. In-plane anisotropic and ultra-low-loss polaritons in a natural van der Waals crystal. Nature 562, 557–562 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu, G. et al. Real-space nanoimaging of hyperbolic shear polaritons in a monoclinic crystal. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 64–70 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matson, J. et al. Controlling the propagation asymmetry of hyperbolic shear polaritons in beta-gallium oxide. Nat. Commun. 14, 5240 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jia, G., Xue, W., Jia, Z. & Schubert, M. Giant photonic spin Hall effect induced by hyperbolic shear polaritons. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 25, 11245–11252 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jia, G. Hyperbolic shear polaritons and their potential applications. Nano TransMed 2, 100019 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou, L. et al. Engineering shear polaritons in 2D twisted heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 16, 2953 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yves, S., Galiffi, E., Ni, X., Renzi, E. M. & Alu, A. Twist-induced hyperbolic shear metasurfaces. Phys. Rev. X 14, 021031 (2024).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Díaz-Núñez, P. et al. Visualization of topological shear polaritons in gypsum thin films. Sci. Adv. 11, eadw3452 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan, Q. et al. Hybrid ghost phonon polaritons in thin-film heterostructure. Nano Lett. 24, 4346–4353 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suriyage, M. P. et al. Long-propagating ghost phonon polaritons enabled by selective mode excitation. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 254 (2024).

Article  Google Scholar