Bray, F. et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 229–263 (2024).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

International Agency for Research on Cancer. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. https://gco.iarc.who.int/media/globocan/factsheets/populations/900-world-fact-sheet.pdf (2026).

Sung, H. et al. Colorectal cancer incidence trends in younger versus older adults: an analysis of population-based cancer registry data. Lancet Oncol. 26, 51–63 (2025).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegel, R. L. et al. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence in young adults. Gut 68, 2179–2185 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morgan, E. et al. Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN. Gut 72, 338–344 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 627–647 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Gullickson, C. et al. Colorectal cancer survival in sub-Saharan Africa by age, stage at diagnosis and Human Development Index: a population-based registry study. Int. J. Cancer 149, 1553–1563 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dantas, A. A. G. et al. Multilevel analysis of social determinants of advanced stage colorectal cancer diagnosis. Sci. Rep. 14, 9667 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo, L. et al. Global distribution of colorectal cancer staging at diagnosis: an evidence synthesis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 23, 2088–2101 (2025).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Issaka, R. B., Chan, A. T. & Gupta, S. AGA clinical practice update on risk stratification for colorectal cancer screening and post-polypectomy surveillance: expert review. Gastroenterology 165, 1280–1291 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang, X. et al. Global burden of colon and rectal cancer and attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. BMC Gastroenterol. 25, 332 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siegel, R. L. et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2026. CA Cancer J. Clin. 76, e70067 (2026).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta, S., May, F. P., Kupfer, S. S. & Murphy, C. C. Birth cohort colorectal cancer (CRC): implications for research and practice. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 455–469 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegel, R. L. et al. Colorectal cancer incidence patterns in the United States, 1974-2013. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 109, djw322 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Araghi, M. et al. Changes in colorectal cancer incidence in seven high-income countries: a population-based study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 511–518 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feletto, E. et al. Trends in colon and rectal cancer incidence in Australia from 1982 to 2014: analysis of data on over 375,000 cases. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 28, 83–90 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang, T. et al. Global, regional, and national trends in colorectal cancer burden from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2040. Front. Oncol. 14, 1466159 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

GBD 2023 Cancer Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990-2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet 406, 1565–1586 (2025).

Article  Google Scholar 

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD Cancer Compare Data Visualization. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/cancer (2026).

Meng, Y. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of early-onset colorectal cancer from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021. BMC Med. 23, 34 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niv, Y. Screening the average risk population for colorectal cancer: the Israeli experience 1985-97. Colorectal Dis. 5, 358–361 (2003).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Half, E. E. et al. Colorectal cancer screening at age 45 years in Israel: cost-effectiveness and global implications. Cancer 130, 901–912 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suh, M., Choi, K. S., Lee, Y. Y., Park, B. & Jun, J. K. Cancer screening in Korea, 2012: results from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 14, 6459–6463 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park, B. et al. Overview of the national cancer screening program for colorectal cancer in Korea over 14 years (2004-2017). Cancer Res. Treat. 55, 910–917 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okada, T. et al. International collaboration between Japan and Chile to improve detection rates in colorectal cancer screening. Cancer 122, 71–77 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saito, H. Colorectal cancer screening using immunochemical faecal occult blood testing in Japan. J. Med. Screen. 13, S6–S7 (2006).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basu P. et al. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Screening in Five Continents. https://canscreen5.iarc.fr (2025).

Sierra, M. S. & Forman, D. Burden of colorectal cancer in Central and South America. Cancer Epidemiol. 44, S74–S81 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gopalani, S. V. et al. Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening test use in the US territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. Cancer Epidemiol. 84, 102371 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mosquera, I. et al. Assessment of barriers to cancer screening and interventions implemented to overcome these barriers in 27 Latin American and Caribbean countries. Int. J. Cancer 155, 719–730 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Irazola, V. et al. Quality improvement intervention to increase colorectal cancer screening at the primary care setting: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Qual. 12, e002158 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alfaro, G., Berger, Z., Mondschein, S., Subiabre, F. & Yankovic, N. Barriers to the use of tests for early detection of colorectal cancer in Chile. Sci. Rep. 14, 8817 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saito, H. et al. The long term participation trend for the colorectal cancer screening after the 2011 triple disaster in Minamisoma City, Fukushima, Japan. Sci. Rep. 11, 23851 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cediel, G. et al. Ultra-processed foods drive to unhealthy diets: evidence from Chile. Public Health Nutr. 24, 1698–1707 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gómez, G. et al. Diet quality and diet diversity in eight Latin American countries: results from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS). Nutrients 11, 1605 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GBD 2021 Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 405, 813–838 (2025).

Sakai, Y., Rahayu, Y. Y. S., Zhao, Y. & Araki, T. Dietary pattern transition and its nutrient intakes and diet quality among Japanese population: results from the 2003-2019 National Survey. Public Health Nutr. 27, e231 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central