Mariachiara DC, Honor B, Thomas G, Lisa H, Chodziwadziwa K, Diana VM, et al. World Heart Report 2023: Confronting the World’s Number One Killer. World Heart Federation. 2023.

Chong B, Jayabaskaran J, Jauhari SM, Chan SP, Goh R, Kueh MTW, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;32(11):1001–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae281.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korkmaz-Icöz S, Brlecic P, Ruppert M, Radovits T, Karck M, Szabó G. Mechanical pressure unloading therapy reverses thoracic aortic structural and functional changes in a hypertensive rat model. J Hypertens. 2018;36(12):2350–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001853.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

González A, Schelbert EB, Díez J, Butler J. Myocardial interstitial fibrosis in heart failure: biological and translational perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(15):1696–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.021.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frantz S, Hundertmark MJ, Schulz-Menger J, Bengel FM, Bauersachs J. Left ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction: pathophysiology, imaging, and novel therapies. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(27):2549–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac223.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tuleta I, Frangogiannis NG. Fibrosis of the diabetic heart: clinical significance, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;176:113904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2021.113904.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lunde IG, Rypdal KB, Van Linthout S, Diez J, González A. Myocardial fibrosis from the perspective of the extracellular matrix: mechanisms to clinical impact. Matrix Biol. 2024;134:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2024.08.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu M, de López Juan Abad B, Cheng K. Cardiac fibrosis: myofibroblast-mediated pathological regulation and drug delivery strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;173:504–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.021.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bertaud A, Joshkon A, Heim X, Bachelier R, Bardin N, Leroyer AS, et al. Signaling pathways and potential therapeutic strategies in cardiac fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021756.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qin W, Cao L, Massey IY. Role of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2021;476(11):4045–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-021-04219-w.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu X, Khalil H, Kanisicak O, Boyer JG, Vagnozzi RJ, Maliken BD, et al. Specialized fibroblast differentiated states underlie scar formation in the infarcted mouse heart. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(5):2127–43. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci98215.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Wu HM, Zhang X, Tang QZ. Cardiac fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci. 2018;14(12):1645–57. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.28103.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Liu S, Heallen T, Martin JF. The Hippo pathway in the heart: pivotal roles in development, disease, and regeneration. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(11):672–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0063-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu M, Hu Y, Lan T, Guan KL, Luo T, Luo M. The hippo signalling pathway and its implications in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01191-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon H, Kim J, Jho EH. Role of the hippo pathway and mechanisms for controlling cellular localization of YAP/TAZ. FEBS J. 2022;289(19):5798–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16091.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu CY, Zha ZY, Zhou X, Zhang H, Huang W, Zhao D, et al. The hippo tumor pathway promotes TAZ degradation by phosphorylating a phosphodegron and recruiting the SCF-TrCP E3 ligase. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(48):37159–69. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.152942.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meng Z, Moroishi T, Guan KL. Mechanisms of hippo pathway regulation. Genes Dev. 2016;30(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.274027.115.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koo JH, Guan KL. Interplay between YAP/TAZ and metabolism. Cell Metab. 2018;28(2):196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mia MM, Cibi DM, Ghani S, Singh A, Tee N, Sivakumar V, et al. Loss of yap/taz in cardiac fibroblasts attenuates adverse remodelling and improves cardiac function. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118(7):1785–804. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab205.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Francisco J, Zhang Y, Jeong JI, Mizushima W, Ikeda S, Ivessa A, et al. Blockade of fibroblast YAP attenuates cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction through MRTF-A inhibition. JACC: Basic Translat Sci. 2020;5(9):931–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.07.009.

Article  Google Scholar 

Frangogiannis NG. Cardiac fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(6):1450–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa324.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Umbarkar P, Ejantkar S, Tousif S, Lal H. Mechanisms of fibroblast activation and myocardial fibrosis: lessons learned from FB-specific conditional mouse models. Cells. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092412.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kanisicak O, Khalil H, Ivey MJ, Karch J, Maliken BD, Correll RN, et al. Genetic lineage tracing defines myofibroblast origin and function in the injured heart. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12260. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12260.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaur H, Takefuji M, Ngai CY, Carvalho J, Bayer J, Wietelmann A, et al. Targeted ablation of periostin-expressing activated fibroblasts prevents adverse cardiac remodeling in mice. Circ Res. 2016;118(12):1906–17. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.116.308643.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao Y, Hill MC, Zhang M, Martin TJ, Morikawa Y, Wang S, et al. Hippo signaling plays an essential role in cell state transitions during cardiac fibroblast development. Dev Cell. 2018;45(2):153–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.019.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiao Y, Hill MC, Li L, Deshmukh V, Martin TJ, Wang J, et al. Hippo pathway deletion in adult resting cardiac fibroblasts initiates a cell state transition with spontaneous and self-sustaining fibrosis. Genes Dev. 2019;33(21–22):1491–505. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.329763.119.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Francisco J, Zhang Y, Nakada Y, Jeong JI, Huang CY, Ivessa A, et al. AAV-mediated YAP expression in cardiac fibroblasts promotes inflammation and increases fibrosis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89989-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Landry NM, Rattan SG, Filomeno KL, Meier TW, Meier SC, Foran SJ, et al. SKI activates the Hippo pathway via LIMD1 to inhibit cardiac fibroblast activation. Basic Res Cardiol. 2021;116(1):25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-021-00865-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed