Dental teachers perspectives on Extended Reality in dental education: an international survey

Abstract

Introduction Digital technologies are reshaping how health professionals are trained, and extended reality (XR) has gained attention as a tool for skills development in dental education. Yet, successful integration depends largely on educators’ perceptions, readiness, and working conditions. This study aimed to explore dental educators’ views of the educational value of XR, what barriers they experience, and how familiarity with immersive technologies relates to their use in teaching.

Materials and Methods A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted among dental educators. The questionnaire included items on demographics, familiarity and frequency of XR use, and perceptions of educational value, barriers, and curricular integration. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and Spearman correlation analyses were performed to explore associations between familiarity, use, and perceived benefits of XR.

Results Respondents reported positive attitudes toward XR, particularly for improving students’ understanding of complex anatomy (mean = 6.02/7), skill development (5.68/7), and confidence and preparedness for clinical practice (5.08-5.20/7). XR was mainly viewed as a complement to traditional teaching rather than a replacement (mean = 3.77/7). Strong correlations were observed between perceived improvements in confidence, skills, and clinical readiness (r = 0.71 - 0.89, P < 0.0001). High costs, limited technical support, and time constraints were the most prominent barriers to usage.

Conclusion Overall, dental educators appear open to XR but constrained by structural and organizational factors rather than a lack of interest. Faculty development, hands-on training opportunities, and institutional support may therefore be essential to translating positive perceptions into meaningful and sustained integration of immersive technologies in dental curricula.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

Bruna N. de Freitas is supported by Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Aarhus University Research Foundation.

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

Yes

The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

Aarhus University Research Ethics Committee (Approval 2025-012).

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Yes

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

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I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.

Yes

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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