Duca LM, Wang B, Rewers M, Rewers A. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes predicts poor long-term glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(9):1249–55. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0558.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shalitin S, Fisher S, Yackbovitch-Gavan M, Vries L, Lazar L, Lebenthal Y, et al. Ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes is a predictor of long-term glycemic control. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(2):320–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/PEDI.12546.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saydah SH, Shrestha SS, Zhang P, Zhou X, Imperatore G. Medical costs among youth younger than 20 years of age with and without diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of diabetes diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(12):2256–61. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC19-1041.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alonso GT, Coakley A, Pyle L, Manseau K, Thomas S, Rewers A. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in Colorado children, 2010–2017. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:117–21. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-0428.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McQueen RB, Rasmussen CG, Waugh K, Frohnert BI, Steck AK, Yu L, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of large-scale screening for type 1 diabetes in Colorado. Diabetes Care. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-2003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Winkler C, Schober E, Ziegler AG, Holl RW. Markedly reduced rate of diabetic ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes in relatives screened for islet autoantibodies. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(4):301–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00829.x.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Triolo TM, Chase HP, Barker JM. Diabetic subjects diagnosed through the diabetes prevention trial-type 1 (DPT-1) are often asymptomatic with normal A1C at diabetes onset. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):769–73. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC08-1872.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghalwash M, Dunne JL, Lundgren M, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Anand V, et al. Two-age islet-autoantibody screening for childhood type 1 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:589–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00141-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferrat LA, Vehik K, Sharp SA, Lernmark, Rewers MJ, She JX, et al. A combined risk score enhances prediction of type 1 diabetes among susceptible children. Nat Med. 2020;26:1247–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0930-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cardona-Hernandez R, Cuadra-Grande A, Monje J, Echave M, Oyagüez I, Álvarez M, et al. Are trends in economic modeling of pediatric diabetes mellitus up to date with the clinical practice guidelines and the latest scientific findings? J health Econ Outcomes Res. 2025;12(1):30–50. https://doi.org/10.36469/001C.127920.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crown W, Buyukkaramikli N, Thokala P, Morton A, Sir MY, Marshall DA, et al. Constrained optimization methods in health services research–an introduction: Report 1 of the ispor optimization methods emerging good practices task force. Value Health. 2017;20(3):310–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.01.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crown W, Buyukkaramikli N, Sir MY, Thokala P, Morton A, Marshall DA, et al. Application of constrained optimization methods in health services research: Report 2 of the ispor optimization methods emerging good practices task force. Value Health. 2018;21(9):1019–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.05.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fieldsend JE, Everson RM. Multi-objective optimisation in the presence of uncertainty. In: 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. 2005; vol. 1, pp. 243–250. IEEE.

Fieldsend JE, Everson RM. On the efficient use of uncertainty when performing expensive roc optimisation. In: 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence). 2008;pp. 3984–3991. IEEE.

Park T, Ryu KR. Accumulative sampling for noisy evolutionary multi-objective optimization. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO’11. 2011;793–800. https://doi.org/10.1145/2001576.2001684.

Vanness DJ, Lomas J, Ahn H. A health opportunity cost threshold for cost-effectiveness analysis in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(1):25–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hagopian WA, Lernmark A, Rewers MJ, Simell OG, She J-X, Ziegler AG, et al. TEDDY-the environmental determinants of diabetes in the young: an observational clinical trial. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2006;1079:320–6. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1375.049.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skyler JS, Greenbaum CJ, Lachin JM, Leschek E, Rafkin-Mervis L, Savage P, et al. Type 1 diabetes TrialNet—an international collaborative clinical trials network. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2008;1150:14–24. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1447.054.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O, Simell T, Lempainen J, Steck A, et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA. 2013;309(23):2473. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.6285.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharp SA, Rich SS, Wood AR, Jones SE, Beaumont RN, Harrison JW, et al. Development and standardization of an improved type 1 diabetes genetic risk score for use in newborn screening and incident diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(2):200–7. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1785.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferrat LA, Templeman EL, Steck AK, Parikh HM, You L, Onengut-Gumuscu S, et al. Type 1 diabetes prediction in autoantibody-positive individuals: performance, time and money matter. Diabetologia. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06434-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davidson-Pilon C. lifelines: survival analysis in Python. J Open Source Softw. 2019;4(40):1317. https://doi.org/10.21105/JOSS.01317.

Article  Google Scholar 

Greenwell BM. pdp: an R package for constructing partial dependence plots. R J. 2017;9(June):421–36.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rich SS, Akolkar B, Concannon P, Erlich H, Hilner JE, Julier C, et al. Overview of the type I diabetes genetics consortium. Genes Immunity. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1038/GENE.2009.84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jacobsen LM, Vehik K, Veijola R, Warncke K, Toppari J, Steck AK, et al. Heterogeneity of DKA incidence and age-specific clinical characteristics in children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in the TEDDY study. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(3):624–33. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC21-0422.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alonso GT, Coakley A, Pyle L, Manseau K, Thomas S, Rewers A. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in Colorado children, 2010–2017. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1):117–21. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-0428.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duca LM, Reboussin BA, Pihoker C, Imperatore G, Saydah S, Mayer-Davis E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and glycemic control over time: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;20(2):172. https://doi.org/10.1111/PEDI.12809.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duca LM, Wang B, Rewers M, Rewers A. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes predicts poor long-term glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:1249–55. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0558.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boer IH. Long-term renal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: an analysis of the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(5):412. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martin CL, Albers J, Herman WH, Cleary P, Waberski B, Greene DA, et al. Neuropathy among the diabetes control and complications trial cohort 8 years after trial completion. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):340–4. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1549.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nathan DM, Zinman B, Cleary PA, Backlund JYC, Genuth S, Miller R, et al. Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years’ duration: the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complication