Dilmaghani D, Ainsworth AJ, Nath KA, Garovic VD (2024) Decreasing fertility rate in the united states: demographics, challenges, and consequences. Mayo Clin Proc 99(11):1693–1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2024.09.004

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McLaren RA Jr, Trejo FE, Blitz MJ et al (2021) )COVID-related lockdowns and birth rates in New York. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 3(6):100476 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100476

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wren C, Richmond S, Donaldson L (2000) Temporal variability in birth prevalence of cardiovascular malformations. Heart 83(4):414–419. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.83.4.414

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Castillo WJ, Restrepo H (2011) The changing occurrences of tetralogy of Fallot and simple transposition of the great arteries in Southern Nevada. Cardiol Young 21(3):281–285 Epub 2011 Jan 28. PMID: 21272425

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel J, Nembhard WN, Politis MD et al (2020) Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the risk of isolated congenital heart defects among offspring. Environ Res 186:109550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109550Epub 2020 Apr 18. PMID: 32335433; PMCID: PMC8756335

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehta LS, Velarde GP, Lewey J et al (2023) The impact of race and ethnicity: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 147(19):1471–1487. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001139

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Restrepo H (2022) Critical congenital heart disease and maternal comorbidities: An observation. Prog Ped Cardiol 64:1058–9813

Article  Google Scholar 

Egbe A, Uppu S, Lee S, Ho D, Srivastava S (2014) Changing prevalence of severe congenital heart disease: a population-based study. Pediatr Cardiol 35(7):1232–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-014-0921-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Ciccolo ML, Lehoux J, Restrepo H (2021) Prenatal diagnosis in Nevada for patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in the first six months. J Card Surg 36(12):4472–4475. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.15979

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fiscella K, Freemont AM (2006) Use of geocoding and surname analysis to estimate race and ethnicity. Health Serv Res 41(4 pt 1):1482–1500

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei II, Virning BA, John DA, Morgan RO (2006) Using a Spanish surname match to improve identification of Hispanic women in Medicare administrative data. Health Serv Res 41(4 pt 1):1469–1481

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026). National Center for Health Statistics https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/state-and-territorial-data.htm. Accessed Jan 3

Acherman RJ, Evans WN, Luna CF et al (2007) Prenatal detection of congenital heart disease in southern Nevada: the need for universal fetal cardiac evaluation. J Ultrasound Med 26(12):1715–1719

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans W, Castillo W, Rollins R et al (2015) Moving towards universal prenatal detection of critical congenital heart disease in southern Nevada: a community-wide program. Pediatr Cardiol 36(2):281–288

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Ciccolo ML et al (2019) Detecting critical congenital heart disease in Nevada. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 10(6):702–706

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon-Grady AJ, Donofrio MT, Gelehrter S et al (2023) Guidelines and recommendations for performance of the fetal echocardiogram: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 36(7):679–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2023.04.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Restrepo H (2021) Advanced maternal age and critical congenital cardiac malformations in Nevada. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 62:101385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppedcard.2021.101385

Article  Google Scholar 

Miller A, Riehle-Colarusso T, Siffel C, Frías JL, Correa A (2011) Maternal age and prevalence of isolated congenital heart defects in an urban area of the United States. Am J Med Genet A 2155A(9):2137–2145. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.34130

Article  Google Scholar 

Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK (2023) Births in the United States, 2022. NCHS Data Brief 477:1–8

Google Scholar 

Berger BO, Jeffers NK, Wolfson C, Gemmill A (2023) Role of maternal age in increasing severe maternal morbidity rates in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 142:371–380

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE (2016) Mean age of mothers is on the rise: United States, 2000-2014. NCHS Data Brief 1(232):1–8

Google Scholar 

Gamber RA, Blonsky H, McDowell M, Lakshminrusimha S (2024) Declining birth rates, increasing maternal age and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. J Perinatol 44(2):203–208. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-023-01834-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zegelbone PM, Patel SS (2024) Teratogenic factors contributing to the development of congenital heart defects. In: Abdulla R, Anderson RH, Carl L, Backer CL et al (eds) Pediatric Cardiology: Fetal, Pediatric, and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 149–160

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Kip KT et al (2025) Embedding fetal cardiologists in maternal-fetal-medicine clinics and near universal state-wide detection of critical cardiovascular malformations: the Nevada experience. J Ultrasound Med. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.70155

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko JM (2015) Genetic syndromes associated with congenital heart disease. Korean Circ J 45(5):357–361. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2015.45.5.357

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu X, Li G, Wu Q et al (2024) Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease and voluntary termination of pregnancy: A population-based study in Qingdao, China. Risk Manage Healthc Policy 17:205–212

Article  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Restrepo H (2022) Prenatal diagnosis of significant congenital heart disease and elective termination of pregnancy in Nevada. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 35(25):8761–8766. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2021.2004115

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tseng SY, Alvarado C, Conroy S et al (2025) The Dobbs decision and incidence of live births with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pediatr Open Sci 1:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1542/pedsos.2024-000411

Article  Google Scholar 

Kalhor F, Tagharrobi Z, Ghaderian M et al (2025) Ethical dilemmas in continuing pregnancy after a prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Med Ethics 12(261):174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-025-01327-w

Article  Google Scholar 

Kon AA (2018) Ethical implications of prenatal screening for congenital heart disease. JAMA Cardiol 3(9):837–838. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1944

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Kip KT et al (2025) Approaching universal prenatal detection of significant cardiovascular malformations in Nevada. Prenat Diagn 45(2):196–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6739Epub 2024 Dec 31. PMID: 39739413

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Combs CA, Hameed AB, Friedman AM, Hoskins IA (2020) Special statement: proposed quality metrics to assess accuracy of prenatal detection of congenital heart defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 222(6):B2–B9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar