Research ArticleGeneticsImmunologyInfectious disease Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.187422

Nikolaos T. Skenteris,1 Elisa Luttermann,2 Sanjana Nair,3,4 Ioannis Evangelakos,5 Maria Pujantell,1,6 Marie Eggers,7,8 Fabian Hausmann,3,4 Marleen Bérouti,9 Benedetta Padoan,1 Felix J. Flomm,1 Janna M. Claussen,1 Benjamin Grünhagel,1 Anika Salfelder,10 Brigitte Beifuss,10 Saskia Biskup,10,11 Patrick Blümke,12 Katrin Rading,5 Heike Hildebrandt,1 Urte Matschl,1 Silke Giesemann-Jansen,1 Jana Hennesen,1 Viacheslav O. Nikolaev,13 Michael Kutsche,5 Christian Kubisch,5 Friedrich Koch-Nolte,6 Nicola M. Tomas,7,8,14 Eva Tolosa,6,15 Marc Lütgehetmann,16 Felix R. Stahl,6 Veit Hornung,9,17 Madeleine J. Bunders,1,7,14,15 Christian Schlein,5 Maya Topf,3,4,18 Ina Kötter,2,7 and Marcus Altfeld1,6,19

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Skenteris, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Luttermann, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Nair, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Evangelakos, I. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Pujantell, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Eggers, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Hausmann, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Bérouti, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Padoan, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Flomm, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Claussen, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Grünhagel, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Salfelder, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Beifuss, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Biskup, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Blümke, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Rading, K. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Hildebrandt, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.

5Institute of Human Genetics,

6Institute of Immunology,

7III. Department of Medicine, and

8Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

9Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

10Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany.

11Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.

12Technology Platform Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

13Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research;

14Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology;

15German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; and

16Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

17German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.

18Institute for Molecular Virology and Tumorvirology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

19German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), partner site Hamburg; Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Address correspondence to: Marcus Altfeld, Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany. Phone: 49.0.40.48051 ext. 221; Email: marcus.altfeld@leibniz-liv.de.

Authorship note: NTS, EL, SN, and IE contributed equally to this work. MT, IK, and MA contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Matschl, U. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

2Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Auenlandklinik Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.

3Research Department of Integrative Virology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

4Centre for Structural Systems Biology,