Review Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.199693

Yohannes Tesfaigzi,1 Ali Önder Yildirim,2,3,4 Francesca Polverino,5 Thomas M. Conlon,2 Venkataramana Sidhaye,6 Maor Sauler,7 S. Vamsee Raju,8 Renata Z. Jurkowska,9 Divay Chandra,10 Michael H. Cho,1,11 Edwin K. Silverman,11 Ramon C. Sun,12 Peter Castaldi,11 Purushothama Rao Tata,13 Kambez H. Benam,14 Linto Antony,8 Mareike Lehmann,2,15,16 Beata Kosmider,17 Karim Bahmed,17 Zerihun H. Negasi,1 Kamakshi Bankoti,1 Carter Swaby,4,18 Dave A. Lagowala,19 Yeşim Vural,4,10 Hasan Bayram,4,20,21 Rosa Faner,22 George Washko,1 Dinh Son Bui,23 Bartolome Celli,1 Roxana Maria Wasnick,2 and Enid Neptune6

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Tesfaigzi, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Yildirim, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Polverino, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Conlon, T. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Sidhaye, V. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Sauler, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Raju, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Jurkowska, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Chandra, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Cho, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Silverman, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

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1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

Find articles by Castaldi, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

2Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.

3Institute of Experimental Pneumology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian’s University, Munich, Germany.

4Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.

5Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

8Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

9Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

12Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

13Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

14Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

15Lung Aging and Regeneration, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany.

16Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.

17Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

18Department of Cell Biology, and

19Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

20Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, and

21Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

22Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBER, Barcelona, Spain.

23Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Address correspondence to: Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: ytesfaigzi@bwh.harvard.edu.

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