Key Statistics for Bladder Cancer [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 19]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

Kim KH, Lee HW, Ha HK, Seo HK. Perioperative systemic therapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer: current standard method, biomarkers and emerging strategies. Investig Clin Urol. 2023;64(3):202–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, Speights VO, Vogelzang NJ, Trump DL, deVere White RW, Sarosdy MF, Wood DP, Raghavan D, Crawford ED. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(9):859–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;361(9373):1927–34.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sternberg CN, Bellmunt J, Sonpavde G, Siefker-Radtke AO, Stadler WM, Bajorin DF, Dreicer R, George DJ, Milowsky MI, Theodorescu D, Vaughn DJ, Galsky MD, Soloway MS, Quinn DI. International consultation on urologic Disease-European association of urology consultation on bladder cancer 2012. ICUD-EAU international consultation on bladder cancer 2012: chemotherapy for urothelial carcinoma-neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. Eur Urol. 2013;63(1):58–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Plimack ER, Hoffman-Censits JH, Viterbo R, Trabulsi EJ, Ross EA, Greenberg RE, et al. Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is safe, effective, and efficient neoadjuvant treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study with molecular correlates of response and toxicity. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(18):1895–901.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J, Sonpavde G, Hutson T, Oh WK, et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(17):2432–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flaig TW, Spiess PE, Agarwal N, Bangs R, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: bladder cancer, version 5.2018. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018;16(9):1041–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sternberg CN, Skoneczna I, Kerst JM, Albers P, Fossa SD, Agerbaek M, et al. Immediate versus deferred chemotherapy after radical cystectomy in patients with pT3-pT4 or N + M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (EORTC 30994): an intergroup, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(1):76–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehmann J, Franzaring L, Thüroff J, Wellek S, Stöckle M. Complete long-term survival data from a trial of adjuvant chemotherapy vs control after radical cystectomy for locally advanced bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2006;97(1):42–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellmunt J, de Wit R, Vaughn DJ, Fradet Y, Lee JL, Fong L, et al. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(11):1015–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Powles T, Rosenberg JE, Sonpavde GP, Loriot Y, Durán I, Lee JL, et al. Enfortumab vedotin in previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(12):1125–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Necchi A, Raggi D, Gallina A, Madison R, Colecchia M, Lucianò R, et al. Updated results of PURE-01 with preliminary activity of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in patients with muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma with variant histologies. Eur Urol. 2020;77(4):439–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajorin DF, Witjes JA, Gschwend JE, Schenker M, Valderrama BP, Tomita Y, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab versus placebo in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(22):2102–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Apolo AB, Ballman KV, Sonpavde G, Berg S, Kim WY, Parikh R, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus observation in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(1):45–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellmunt J, Hussain M, Gschwend JE, Albers P, Oudard S, Castellano D, Daneshmand S, Nishiyama H, Majchrowicz M, Degaonkar V, Shi Y, Mariathasan S, Grivas P, Drakaki A, O’Donnell PH, Rosenberg JE, Geynisman DM, Petrylak DP, Hoffman-Censits J, Bedke J, Kalebasty AR, Zakharia Y, van der Heijden MS, Sternberg CN, Davarpanah NN, Powles T. IMvigor010 study group. Adjuvant Atezolizumab versus observation in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor010): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(4):525–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jackson-Spence F, Toms C, O’Mahony LF, Choy J, Flanders L, Szabados B, Powles T. IMvigor011: a study of adjuvant Atezolizumab in patients with high-risk MIBC who are ctDNA + post-surgery. Future Oncol. 2023;19(7):509–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Allen EM, Mouw KW, Kim P, Iyer G, Wagle N, Al-Ahmadie H, Zhu C, Ostrovnaya I, Kryukov GV, O’Connor KW, Sfakianos J, Garcia-Grossman I, Kim J, Guancial EA, Bambury R, Bahl S, Gupta N, Farlow D, Qu A, Signoretti S, Barletta JA, Reuter V, Boehm J, Lawrence M, Getz G, Kantoff P, Bochner BH, Choueiri TK, Bajorin DF, Solit DB, Gabriel S, D’Andrea A, Garraway LA, Rosenberg JE. Somatic ERCC2 mutations correlate with cisplatin sensitivity in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2014;4(10):1140–53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang DM, Gupta S, Kitchlu A, Meraz-Munoz A, North SA, Alimohamed NS, Blais N, Sridhar SS. Defining cisplatin eligibility in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2021;18(2):104–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boeri L, Soligo M, Frank I, Boorjian SA, Thompson RH, Tollefson M, et al. Delaying radical cystectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is associated with adverse survival outcomes. Eur Urol Oncol. 2019;2(4):390–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hajiran A, Azizi M, Aydin AM, Zemp L, Peyton CC, Dhillon J, et al. Pathological and survival outcomes associated with variant histology bladder cancers managed by cystectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Urol. 2021;205(1):100–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moschini M, D’Andrea D, Korn S, Irmak Y, Soria F, Compérat E, Shariat SF. Characteristics and clinical significance of histological variants of bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2017;14(11):651–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sjödahl G, Abrahamsson J, Holmsten K, Bernardo C, Chebil G, Eriksson P, et al. Different responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in urothelial carcinoma molecular subtypes. Eur Urol. 2022;81(5):523–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taber A, Christensen E, Lamy P, Nordentoft I, Prip F, Lindskrog SV, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Okholm TLH, Knudsen M, Pedersen JS, Steiniche T, Agerbæk M, Jensen JB, Dyrskjøt L. Molecular correlates of cisplatin-based chemotherapy response in muscle invasive bladder cancer by integrated multi-omics analysis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4858.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sternberg A. Monitoring of ctDNA in Patients With Bladder Cancer Has Potential to Assist Therapy Selection. 2019 Jun 19 [cited 2025 Mar 20];8. Available from: https://www.targetedonc.com/view/monitoring-of-ctdna-in-patients-with-bladder-cancer-has-potential-to-assist-therapy-selection

Christensen E, Nordentoft I, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Elbæk SK, Lindskrog SV, Taber A, et al. Cell-free urine and plasma DNA mutational analysis predicts neoadjuvant chemotherapy response and outcome in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2023;29(8):1582–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vandekerkhove G, Todenhöfer T, Annala M, Struss WJ, Wong A, Beja K, et al. Circulating tumor DNA reveals clinically actionable somatic genome of metastatic bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(21):6487–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christensen E, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Nordentoft I, Høyer S, van der Keur K, van Kessel K, et al. Liquid biopsy analysis of FGFR3 and PIK3CA hotspot mutations for disease surveillance in bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71(6):961–9.

Article  CAS