The immunology of sepsis: translating new insights into clinical practice

Angus, D. C. & van der Poll, T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N. Engl. J. Med. 369, 2063 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudd, K. E. et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet 395, 200–211 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stevenson, E. K., Rubenstein, A. R., Radin, G. T., Wiener, R. S. & Walkey, A. J. Two decades of mortality trends among patients with severe sepsis: a comparative meta-analysis. Crit. Care Med. 42, 625–631 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fleischmann-Struzek, C. et al. Incidence and mortality of hospital- and ICU-treated sepsis: results from an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 46, 1552–1562 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yende, S. et al. Risk of cardiovascular events in survivors of severe sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 189, 1065–1074 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Inghammar, M. et al. Long-term mortality and hospital readmissions among survivors of sepsis in Sweden: a population-based cohort study. Open. Forum Infect. Dis. 11, ofae331 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fleischmann-Struzek, C. et al. Epidemiology and costs of postsepsis morbidity, nursing care dependency, and mortality in Germany, 2013 to 2017. JAMA Netw. Open. 4, e2134290 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahmel, T. et al. Long-term mortality and outcome in hospital survivors of septic shock, sepsis, and severe infections: the importance of aftercare. PLoS ONE 15, e0228952 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gotts, J. E. & Matthay, M. A. Sepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management. BMJ 353, i1585 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cajander, S. et al. Profiling the dysregulated immune response in sepsis: overcoming challenges to achieve the goal of precision medicine. Lancet Respir. Med. 12, 305–322 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joffre, J., Hellman, J., Ince, C. & Ait-Oufella, H. Endothelial responses in sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 202, 361–370 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shankar-Hari, M. et al. Reframing sepsis immunobiology for translation: towards informative subtyping and targeted immunomodulatory therapies. Lancet Respir. Med. 12, 323–336 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cazalis, M. A. et al. Early and dynamic changes in gene expression in septic shock patients: a genome-wide approach. Intensive Care Med. Exp. 2, 20 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiao, W. et al. A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J. Exp. Med. 208, 2581–2590 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calvano, S. E. et al. A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans. Nature 437, 1032–1037 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang, B. M., Huang, S. J. & McLean, A. S. Genome-wide transcription profiling of human sepsis: a systematic review. Crit. Care 14, R237 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferlito, M. et al. Effect of cross-tolerance between endotoxin and TNF-alpha or IL-1beta on cellular signaling and mediator production. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70, 821–829 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiersinga, W. J. & van der Poll, T. Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis. EBioMedicine 86, 104363 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van der Poll, T., Shankar-Hari, M. & Wiersinga, W. J. The immunology of sepsis. Immunity 54, 2450–2464 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer, M. & Wetzker, R. The cellular basis of organ failure in sepsis-signaling during damage and repair processes. Med. Klin. Intensivmed. Notfmed 115, 4–9 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fattahi, F., Zetoune, F. S. & Ward, P. A. Complement as a major inducer of harmful events in infectious sepsis. Shock 54, 595–605 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chousterman, B. G., Swirski, F. K. & Weber, G. F. Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis. Semin. Immunopathol. 39, 517–528 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang, Y. Y. & Ning, B. T. Signaling pathways and intervention therapies in sepsis. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 6, 407 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kox, M., Waalders, N. J. B., Kooistra, E. J., Gerretsen, J. & Pickkers, P. Cytokine levels in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and other conditions. JAMA 324, 1565–1567 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iba, T., Levi, M. & Levy, J. H. Intracellular communication and immunothrombosis in sepsis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 20, 2475–2484 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Larsen, R. et al. A central role for free heme in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis. Sci. Transl. Med. 2, 51ra71 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karakike, E. & Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J. Macrophage activation-like syndrome: a distinct entity leading to early death in sepsis. Front. Immunol. 10, 55 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rubio, I. et al. Current gaps in sepsis immunology: new opportunities for translational research. Lancet Infect. Dis. 19, e422–e436 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Venet, F. & Monneret, G. Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 14, 121–137 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Finfer, S., Venkatesh, B., Hotchkiss, R. S. & Sasson, S. C. Lymphopenia in sepsis-an acquired immunodeficiency? Immunol. Cell Biol. 101, 535–544 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boomer, J. S. et al. Immunosuppression in patients who die of sepsis and multiple organ failure. JAMA 306, 2594–2605 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif