Toniutto P, Shalaby S, Mameli L, et al. Role of sex in liver tumor occurrence and clinical outcomes: a comprehensive review. Hepatology. 2024;79:1141-57.
Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology. 2010;52:2065–76.
Becker U, Deis A, Sørensen TI, et al. Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex, and age: a prospective population study. Hepatology. 1996;23:1025–9.
Poynard T, Mathurin P, Lai C-L, et al. A comparison of fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol. 2003;38:257–65.
Bertha M, Shedden K, Mellinger J. Trends in the inpatient burden of alcohol-related liver disease among women hospitalized in the United States. Liver Int. 2022;42:1557–61.
Matsuoka L, Izzy M, Feurer ID, Rega SA, Ziogas IA, Alexopoulos SP. Sex and gender disparities in pretransplant characteristics and relationships with postoperative outcomes in liver transplant recipients with alcoholic liver disease. Exp Clin Transplant. 2020;18:701–6.
Mellinger JL, Fernandez A, Shedden K, et al. Gender disparities in alcohol use disorder treatment among privately insured patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43:334–41.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:38–45.
Denova-Gutiérrez E, Rivera-Paredez B, Quezada-Sánchez AD, et al. Soft drink consumption and increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from the health workers cohort study. Ann Hepatol. 2025;30: 101566.
Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Negro F, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean individuals in the United States. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;91:319–27.
Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, de Jonge L, Xie H, Smith SR. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:949-58.
Pan C-W, Guifarro D, Poudel A, Abboud Y, Kotwal V. Racial disparities in alcoholic hepatitis hospitalizations in the United States: trends, outcomes, and future projections. Dig Dis Sci. 2024;69:2808–16.
Rodríguez-Castro KI, De Martin E, Gambato M, Lazzaro S, Villa E, Burra P. Female gender in the setting of liver transplantation. World J Transplant. 2014;4:229-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540733/.
Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193–213.
Parikh-Patel A, Gold EB, Worman H, Krivy KE, Gershwin ME. Risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis in a cohort of patients from the United States. Hepatology. 2001;33:16–21.
Chen H, Peng C-H, Shen B-Y, et al. Multi-factor analysis of initial poor graft function after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2007;6:141–6.
Chen S, Wang T, Luo T, et al. Prediction of graft survival post-liver transplantation by L-GrAFT risk score model, EASE Score, MEAF Scoring, and EAD. Front Surg. 2021;8: 753056.
Leone N, Rizzetto M. Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2005;51:31–46.
Allen KJ, Gurrin LC, Constantine CC, et al. Iron-overload–related disease in HFE hereditary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:221–30.
Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, Powell LW, Tavill AS. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2011;54:328–43.
Cai L, Huang X, Ye Y, et al. Role of gender and age in features of Wilson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2023;14: 1176946.
Litwin T, Gromadzka G, Członkowska A. Gender differences in Wilson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2012;312:31–5.
Bryce CL, Angus DC, Arnold RM, et al. Sociodemographic differences in early access to liver transplantation services. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:2092–101.
Kaplan A, Wahid N, Fortune BE, et al. Black patients and women have reduced access to liver transplantation for alcohol-associated liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2023;29:259–67.
Sharma P, Schaubel DE, Sima CS, Merion RM, Lok ASF. Re-weighting the model for end-stage liver disease score components. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1575–81.
Biggins SW, Bambha K. MELD-based liver allocation: who is underserved? Semin Liver Dis. 2006;26:211–20.
Mathur AK, Schaubel DE, Zhang H, Guidinger MK, Merion RM. Disparities in liver transplantation: the association between donor quality and recipient race/ethnicity and sex. Transplantation. 2014;97:862–9.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Allen AM, Heimbach JK, Larson JJ, et al. Reduced access to liver transplantation in women: role of height, MELD exception scores, and renal function underestimation. Transplantation. 2018;102:1710–6.
Cholongitas E, Marelli L, Kerry A, et al. Female liver transplant recipients with the same GFR as male recipients have lower MELD scores–a systematic bias. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:685–92.
Mathur AK, Schaubel DE, Gong Q, Guidinger MK, Merion RM. Sex-based disparities in liver transplant rates in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1435–43.
Nephew LD, Goldberg DS, Lewis JD, Abt P, Bryan M, Forde KA. Exception points and body size contribute to gender disparity in liver transplantation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:1286–93.e2.
Lai JC, Terrault NA, Vittinghoff E, Biggins SW. Height contributes to the gender difference in wait-list mortality under the MELD-based liver allocation system. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:2658–64.
Mindikoglu AL, Emre SH, Magder LS. Impact of estimated liver volume and liver weight on gender disparity in liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2013;19:89–95.
Karnam RS, Chen S, Xu W, et al. Sex disparity in liver transplant and access to living donation. JAMA Surg. 2021;156:1010–7.
Duffey K, Halegoua-DeMarzio D, Shah AP, Tholey DM. Sex and racial disparities in living donor liver transplantation in the United States. Liver Transplant. 2023;29:1172–80.
Hogen R, Witt MH, Dhanireddy K. The sex disparity in liver transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2023;28:254–8.
Thuluvath PJ, Amjad W, Zhang T. Liver transplant waitlist removal, transplantation rates and post-transplant survival in Hispanics. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0244744.
Berg CL, Steffick DE, Edwards EB, et al. Liver and intestine transplantation in the United States 1998–2007. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:907–31.
Thuluvath PJ, Guidinger MK, Fung JJ, Johnson LB, Rayhill SC, Pelletier SJ. Liver Transplantation in the United States, 1999–2008. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:1003–19.
Marcos R, Correia-Gomes C, Miranda H, Carneiro F. Liver gender dimorphism–insights from quantitative morphology. Histol Histopathol. 2015;30:1431–7.
Villa E. Role of estrogen in liver cancer. Womens Health. 2008;4:41–50.
Cooper KM, Delk M, Devuni D, Sarkar M. Sex differences in chronic liver disease and benign liver lesions. JHEP Rep. 2023;5: 100870.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Naugler WE, Sakurai T, Kim S, et al. Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production. Science. 2007;317:121–4.
Wang S-H, Chen P-J, Yeh S-H. Gender disparity in chronic hepatitis B: mechanisms of sex hormones. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30:1237–45.
Yu MW, Yang YC, Yang SY, et al. Hormonal markers and hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a nested case-control study among men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1644–51.
Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 Hepatitis B Guidance. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2018;12:33-4.
Magri A, Barbaglia MN, Foglia CZ, et al. 17,β-estradiol inhibits hepatitis C virus mainly by interference with the release phase of its life cycle. Liver Int. 2017;37:669–77.
Anderson GD. Gender differences in pharmacological response. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2008;83:1–10.
Spasić A, Catić-Đorđević A, Veličković-Radovanović R, Stefanović N, Džodić P, Cvetković T. Adverse effects of mycophenolic acid in renal transplant recipients: gender differences. Int J Clin Pharm. 2019;41:776–84.
Velicković-Radovanović R, Mikov M, Paunović G, et al. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and their clinical significance in kidney transplant recipients. Gend Med. 2011;8:23–31.
Lai JC, Pomfret EA, Verna EC. Implicit bias and the gender inequity in liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2022;22:1515–8.
Melk A, Babitsch B, Borchert-Mörlins B, et al. Equally interchangeable? How sex and gender affect transplantation. Transplantation. 2019;103:1094–110.
Kim WR, Mannalithara A, Heimbach JK, et al. MELD 3.0: the model for end-stage liver disease updated for the modern era. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:1887–95.e4.
Maiwall R, Kumar A, Bhardwaj A, Kumar G, Bhadoria AS, Sarin SK. Cystatin C predicts acute kidney injury and mortality in cirrhotics: a prospective cohort study. Liver Int. 2018;38:654–64.
Yoo J-J, Chang J-I, Moon JE, Sinn DH, Kim SG, Kim YS. Validation of MELD 3.0 scoring system in East Asian patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2023;29:1029–40.
Lai Q, Vitale A, Iesari S, et al. Intention-to-treat survival benefit of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular cancer. Hepatology. 2017;66:1910–9.
Open AI. ChatGPT (Explore AI) [Internet]. https://openai.com/chatgpt. Accessed 1 April 2025.
Comments (0)