Abos A, Baggio HC, Segura B et al (2019) Differentiation of multiple system atrophy from Parkinson’s disease by structural connectivity derived from probabilistic tractography. Sci Rep 9:16488. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52829-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Archer DB, Bricker JT, Chu WT et al (2019) Development and validation of the automated imaging differentiation in parkinsonism (AID-P): a multicentre machine learning study. Lancet Digit Health 1:e222–e231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2589-7500(19)30105-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arribarat G, Barros AD, Péran P (2020) Modern brainstem MRI techniques for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonisms. Front Neurol 11:791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00791

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arshad M, Stanley JA, Raz N (2017) Test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of in vivo myelin content indices: myelin water fraction and calibrated T1w/T2w image ratio. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1780–1790. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23481

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajaj S, Krismer F, Palma J-A et al (2017) Diffusion-weighted MRI distinguishes Parkinson disease from the parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 12:e0189897. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189897

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Behnke S, Berg D, Naumann M, Becker G (2005) Differentiation of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes by transcranial ultrasound. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:423–425. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.049221

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beliveau V, Krismer F, Skalla E et al (2021) Characterization and diagnostic potential of diffusion tractography in multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 85:30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.027

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berg D, Gaenslen A (2010) Place value of transcranial sonography in early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegener Dis 7:291–299. https://doi.org/10.1159/000314494

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brenneis C, Egger K, Scherfler C et al (2007) Progression of brain atrophy in multiple system atrophy. A longitudinal VBM study. J Neurol 254:191–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-006-0325-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brooks DJ, Seppi K, MSA NWG on (2009) Proposed neuroimaging criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Movement Disord 24:949–964. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22413

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brumberg J, Isaias IU (2018) Chapter two SPECT molecular imaging in atypical parkinsonism. Int Rev Neurobiol 142:37–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brumberg J, Schröter N, Blazhenets G et al (2020) Differential diagnosis of parkinsonism: a head-to-head comparison of FDG PET and MIBG scintigraphy. Npj Park’s Dis 6:39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-020-00141-y

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Catalan M, Dore F, Polverino P et al (2021) 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in discriminating degenerative Parkinsonisms. Mov Disord Clin Pract 8:717–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13227

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen B, Cui W, Wang S et al (2023a) Functional connectome automatically differentiates multiple system atrophy (parkinsonian type) from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease at early stages. Hum Brain Mapp 44:2176–2190. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.26201

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen B, He J, Xu M et al (2023b) Automatic classification of MSA subtypes using whole-brain gray matter function and structure-based radiomics approach. Eur J Radiol 161:110735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110735

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chougar L, Pyatigorskaya N, Lehéricy S (2021) Update on neuroimaging for categorization of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism. Curr Opin Neurol 34:514–524. https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000957

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chougar L, Arsovic E, Gaurav R et al (2022) Regional selectivity of neuromelanin changes in the substantia nigra in atypical Parkinsonism. Mov Disord. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28988

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chougar L, Lejeune F-X, Faouzi J et al (2023) Comparison of mean diffusivity, R2* relaxation rate and morphometric biomarkers for the clinical differentiation of parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 108:105287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105287

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chougar L, Faucher A, Faouzi J et al (2024) Contribution of MRI for the early diagnosis of parkinsonism in patients with diagnostic uncertainty. Mov Disord 39:825–835. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29760

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dodel R, Spottke A, Gerhard A et al (2010) Minocycline 1-year therapy in multiple-system-atrophy: Effect on clinical symptoms and [11C] (R)-PK11195 PET (MEMSA-trial). Movement Disord 25:97–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22732

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong L, Zhou R, Zhou J et al (2025) Positron emission tomography molecular imaging for pathological visualization in multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 206:106828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2025.106828

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ebina J, Hara K, Watanabe H et al (2021) Individual voxel-based morphometry adjusting covariates in multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 90:114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.07.025

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckhardt C, Krismer F, Donnemiller E et al (2022) Cardiac sympathetic innervation in Parkinson’s disease versus multiple system atrophy. Clin Auton Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-022-00853-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Endo H, Ono M, Takado Y et al (2024) Imaging α-synuclein pathologies in animal models and patients with Parkinson’s and related diseases. Neuron 112:2540-2557.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.006

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faber J, Giordano I, Jiang X et al (2020) Prominent white matter involvement in multiple system atrophy of cerebellar type. Mov Disord 35:816–824. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27987

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fanciulli A, Stankovic I, Krismer F, et al (2019) Chapter Five Multiple system atrophy

Fukui Y, Hishikawa N, Sato K et al (2016) Characteristic diffusion tensor tractography in multiple system atrophy with predominant cerebellar ataxia and cortical cerebellar atrophy. J Neurol 263:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7934-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glasmacher SA, Leigh PN, Saha RA (2017) Predictors of survival in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 88:402. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314956

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glasser MF, Essen DCV (2011) Mapping human cortical areas in vivo based on myelin content as revealed by T1- and T2-weighted MRI. J Neurosci 31:11597–11616. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2180-11.2011

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldstein DS, Cheshire WP (2018) Roles of cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging in autonomic medicine. Clin Auton Res 28:397–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-018-0547-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar