Research ArticleCOVID-19Immunology Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.191314

Anita E. Qualls,1 Tasha Tsao,1 Irene Lui,2 Shion A. Lim,2 Yapeng Su,3 Ernie Chen,4 Dylan Duchen,4 Holden T. Maecker,5 Seunghee Kim-Schulze,6 Ruth R. Montgomery,4 Florian Krammer,6 Charles R. Langelier,7 Ofer Levy,8 Lindsey R. Baden,9 Esther Melamed,10 Lauren I.R. Ehrlich,10 Grace A. McComsey,11 Rafick P. Sekaly,11 Charles B. Cairns,12 Elias K. Haddad,12 Albert C. Shaw,4 David A. Hafler,4 David B. Corry,13 Farrah Kheradmand,13 Mark A. Atkinson,14 Scott C. Brakenridge,14 Nelson I. Agudelo Higuita,15 Jordan P. Metcalf,15 Catherine L. Hough,16 William B. Messer,16 Bali Pulendran,5 Kari C. Nadeau,5 Mark M. Davis,5 Ana Fernandez-Sesma,6 Viviana Simon,6 Monica Kraft,17 Christian Bime,17 Carolyn S. Calfee,7 David J. Erle,7 Joanna Schaenmann,18 Al Ozonoff,19 Bjoern Peters,20 Steven H. Kleinstein,4 Alison D. Augustine,21 Joann Diray-Arce,19 Patrice M. Becker,21 Nadine Rouphael,22 IMPACC Network,23 Jason D. Goldman,24,25 Daniel R. Calabrese,7 James R. Heath,3 James A. Wells,2 Elaine F. Reed,18 Lewis L. Lanier,1,26 Harry Pickering,18 and Oscar A. Aguilar1,26

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

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1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

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1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Lui, I. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Lim, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Su, Y. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Chen, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Duchen, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Maecker, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Kim-Schulze, S. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Montgomery, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Krammer, F. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Langelier, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Levy, O. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

Find articles by Baden, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.

14University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

15Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.

16Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

17University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

18David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

19Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

20La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.

21National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

22Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

23The Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC) Network is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

24Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

25Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

26Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.

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1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.

4Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

5Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

6Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

7Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and

9Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

11Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

12Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

13Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Texas, USA.