Ethics approval and consent to participate

The protocol and its amendments were approved by an institutional review board or institutional ethics committee at each study site, including the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Institutional Review Board (IRB 1 IRB00000121) and the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongii University School of Medicine (2020 [015]).

Competing interests

Quchang Ouyang: None declared. Jordi Rodon: Dr Rodon reports non-financial support and reasonable reimbursement for travel from European Society for Medical Oncology, American Society of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, 280-Biotech, Dava Oncology, STOP Cancer; receiving consulting and travel fees from Ellipses Pharma, IONCTURA, Sardona, Mekanistic, Amgen, Merus, MonteRosa, Aadi, and Bridgebio (including serving on the scientific advisory board); Consulting fees from Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Boxer Capital, LLC, Tang Advisors, LLC, Guidepoint, and Axiom; receiving research funding from Blueprint Medicines, MSD, Hummingbird, AstraZenneca, 280 Bio, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology/Cancer Core Europe; and serving as investigator in clinical trials with Cancer Core Europe, Symphogen, BioAlta, Pfizer, Kelun-Biotech, GlaxoSmithKline, Taiho, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Hummingbird, Yingli, Bicycle Therapeutics, Merus, AadiBioscience, ForeBio, Loxo Oncology, Hutchinson MediPharma, Ideaya, Amgen, Tango Therapeutics, Mirati, Linnaeus Therapeutics, MonteRosa, Kinnate, Yingli, Debio, BioTheryX, Storm Therapeutics, Beigene, MapKure, Relay, Novartis, FusionPharma, C4 Therapeutics, Scorpion Therapeutics, Incyte, Fog Pharmaceuticals, Tyra, Nuvectis Pharma, Hotspot Pharma, Adcentrix, Vividion, AstraZenneca, Alnylam, Immuneering Corp, Alterome, Exelixis.

Yan Liang: None declared.

Xinhong Wu: None declared.

Qun Li: None declared.

Lihua Song: None declared.

Min Yan: None declared.

Zhongsheng Tong: None declared.

YunPeng Liu: None declared.

Zev A. Wainberg: None declared.

Ying Wang: None declared.

Cuizhi Geng: None declared.

Susanna V. Ulahannan: Research funding to institution: AbbVie Inc, Adlai Nortye, ArQule Inc, AstraZeneca, Atreca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Ciclomed LLC, Erasca, Evelo Biosciences Inc., Exelexis, G1 Therapeutics Inc, GlaxoSmithKline GSK, IGM biosciences, Incyte, Isofol, Klus Pharma Inc., Macrogenics, MSD, Mersana Therapeutics, OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Pfizer, Regeneron Inc., Revolution Medicines Inc., Synermore Biologics Co, Takeda, Tarveda Therapeutics, Tesaro, Tempest, and Vigeo Therapeutics Inc.; Advisory Board for Eisai, AstraZeneca, and IgM biosciences.

Guohua Yu: None declared.

Manish R. Sharma: Research funding to institution: Arcus Bioscience, AbbVie, Adcentrx Therapeutics, Alkermes, ALX Oncology, Artios Pharma, Astellas, Aulos Bioscience, BioNTech, Black Diamond Therepeutics, Boundless Bio, Bolt Biotherapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bright Peak Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Biontech, Celgene, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Circle Pharma, Cullinan, Compugen, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Debiopharm, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, eFFECTOR, Elevation Oncology, Exelixis, GenMab, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Iambic Therapeutics, IgM Biosciences, Ikena, Inhibrx, Incyte, Janssen, KLUS Pharma, Lilly, LOXO Oncology, Macrogenics, MSD, Mirati, NGM Biosciences, Onconova, Opna Bio, Palleon, Pfizer, Pliant Therapeutics, ProfoundBio, PureTech, Qualigen, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Repare Therapeutics, Revolution Medicines, Roche, Sapience Therapeutics, Seagen, Shattuck Labs, Stemline Therapeutics, Symphogen, Tempest Therapeutics, Theratechnologies, Tizona Therapeutics, Volastra Therapeutics, and 23andMe Therapeutics; Consulting for Pliant Therapeutics, Enlaza Therapeutics, and Aadi Bioscience; Stock Ownership of AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, Regeneron, and West Pharmaceutical.

Xiang Wang: None declared.

Judy S. Wang: Research funding by Kelun/Klus and MSD, to institution only.

Alexander Spira: Research funding from Abbvie, ADC Therapeutics, Alkermes, Amgen, Arch Therapeutics, ArriVent Biopharma, Astellas Pharma, Astex Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Black Diamond Therapeutics, Blueprint Medicines, BluPrint Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CytomX Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Gritstone Bio, Ignyta, Incyte, Janssen Oncology, LAM Therapeutics, Loxo, Macrogenics, Medikine, MedImmune, mersana, Mirati Therapeutics, Nalo Therapeutics, Novartis, Plexxikon, Regeneron, Revolution Medicines, Revolution Medicines, Roche, Rubius Therapeutics, Scorpion Therapeutics, Synthekine, and Takeda; Consulting or advisory role for Amgen, Array BioPharma, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Black Diamond Therapeutics, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo/Astra Zeneca, Gritstone Bio, Incyte, Janssen Research & Development, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, MSD, Mersana, Mirati Therapeutics, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Takeda; Honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CytomX Therapeutics, Janssen Oncology, MSD, Novartis, and Takeda; Stock and Other Ownership Interests for Lilly; and Leadership role for Next Oncology.

Weihong Zhao: None declared.

Rachel E. Sanborn: Advisor for Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, G1 Therapeutics, GE HealthCare, Gilead, Janssen Oncology, Johnson & Johnson, Inhibrx, Lilly Oncology, Regeneron, and Sanofi Aventis; Honoraria for educational presentations from Illumina, OncLive, and PRIME Education; Steering Committee for AstraZeneca, BeiGene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Oncology, and Johnson & Johnson; Honoraria from CurioScience and IDEOlogy.

Ying Cheng: None declared.

Xian Wang: None declared.

Gesha Liu: None declared.

Yaling Li: None declared.

Junyou Ge: None declared.

Elliot Chartash: employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, who may own stock and/or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.

Omobolaji O. Akala: employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, who may own stock and/or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.

Yongmei Yin: None declared.