Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent a class of crystalline, periodic, and porous polymeric materials constructed through precise covalent bonding of organic building blocks. Their exceptional surface area, well-defined pore architecture, and tunable chemical properties make COFs highly promising for ion conduction and selection. Recent advancements in COFs chemistry have enabled precise structural modifications at the molecular and atomic scales, facilitating the design of COFs-based membranes tailored for energy storage applications. In this review, we present the fundamental characteristics of COFs membranes with an emphasis on their chemical synthesis and structural features. We further examine their advantages in ion selectivity, interface stabilization, and dendrite suppression, alongside diverse fabrication strategies such as composite approaches, layer-by-layer stacking, in situ growth, interfacial polymerization, solvothermal synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, and electrophoretic deposition. The applications of these membranes in various rechargeable electrochemical energy storage (REES) devices are also discussed, including lithium-ion batteries, lithium metal batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, redox flow batteries, aqueous zinc-ion batteries, and hydrogen fuel cells. Lastly, we summarize recent research progress, highlight key challenges in COFs membrane development, and provide insights into future directions for achieving high-performance REES devices.