Research ArticleOncologyVirology Open Access | 10.1172/JCI183745

Deepa Seetharam,1,2 Jay Chandar,1,2 Christian K. Ramsoomair,1,2 Jelisah F. Desgraves,1,2 Alexandra Alvarado Medina,1,2 Anna Jane Hudson,1,2 Ava Amidei,1,2 Jesus R. Castro,1,2 Vaidya Govindarajan,1,2 Sarah Wang,1,2 Yong Zhang,3 Adam M. Sonabend,4,5 Mynor J. Mendez Valdez,1,2 Dragan Maric,3 Vasundara Govindarajan,1,2 Sarah R. Rivas,3 Victor M. Lu,1,2 Ritika Tiwari,6 Nima Sharifi,6 Emmanuel Thomas,2 Marcus Alexander,1,2 Catherine DeMarino,3 Kory Johnson,3 Macarena I. De La Fuente,2,7 Ruham Alshiekh Nasany,2,7 Teresa Maria Rosaria Noviello,2,8 Michael E. Ivan,1,2 Ricardo J. Komotar,1,2 Antonio Iavarone,1,2 Avindra Nath,3 John Heiss,2 Michele Ceccarelli,2,8 Katherine B. Chiappinelli,9 Maria E. Figueroa,2,9 Defne Bayik,2,11 and Ashish H. Shah1,2

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Seetharam, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Chandar, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Ramsoomair, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Desgraves, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Alvarado Medina, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Hudson, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Amidei, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Castro, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Govindarajan, V. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Wang, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Zhang, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Sonabend, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Mendez Valdez, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Maric, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Govindarajan, V. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Rivas, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Lu, V. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Tiwari, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Sharifi, N. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Thomas, E. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Alexander, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by DeMarino, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Johnson, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by De La Fuente, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Alshiekh Nasany, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

9Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and

11Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Authorship note: DS and JC contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Noviello, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Neurosurgery and

2Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

3National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4Department of Neurological Surgery and

5Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

6Desai Sethi Urology Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

7Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

8Bios