Research ArticleInflammationVascular biology Open Access | 10.1172/JCI176865

Rahul Kumar,1,2 Kevin Nolan,1 Biruk Kassa,1 Neha Chanana,3 Tsering Palmo,3 Kavita Sharma,3 Kanika Singh,4 Claudia Mickael,5,6 Dara Fonseca Balladares,1,2 Julia Nilsson,7 Amit Prabhakar,1 Aastha Mishra,4 Michael H. Lee,1,2 Linda Sanders,5 Sushil Kumar,6 Ari B. Molofsky,7 Kurt R. Stenmark,6 Dean Sheppard,1 Rubin M. Tuder,5 Mohit D. Gupta,8 Tashi Thinlas,9 Qadar Pasha,3,10 and Brian B. Graham1,2

1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

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1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

Find articles by Pasha, Q. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

2Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.

3Genomics and Molecular Medicine and

4Genomics and Genome Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.

5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

6Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

7Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

8Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

9Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, India.

10Institute of Hypoxia Research, Delhi, India.

Address correspondence to: Rahul Kumar, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd St, Rm# 4315, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.6657; Email: rahul.kumar2@ucsf.edu. Or to: Brian Graham, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco 94110, USA. Phone: 1.628.206.4422; Email: brian.graham@ucsf.edu.

Find articles by Graham, B. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

Published January 30, 2025 - More info

Published in Volume 135, Issue 6 on March 17, 2025
J Clin Invest. 2025;135(6):e176865. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI176865.
© 2025 Kumar et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Published January 30, 2025 - Version history
Received: October 25, 2023; Accepted: January 24, 2025 View PDF Related article:

Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a heterogenous group of disorders with the common feature of increased pulmonary arterial pressures. Patients with PH associated with lung disease and/or hypoxia undergo immune-mediated vascular remodeling that includes thickening of the muscular layer surrounding arteries and arterioles. In this issue of the JCI, Kumar and colleagues examined