Schutgens F, Clevers H. Human organoids: tools for understanding biology and treating diseases. Ann Rev Pathol. 2020;15:211–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Clevers H. Modeling development and disease with organoids. Cell. 2016;165:1586–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Koo BK, Knoblich JA. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21:571–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Antonica F, Kasprzyk DF, Opitz R, Iacovino M, Liao XH, Dumitrescu AM, et al. Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells. Nature. 2012;491:66–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Romitti M, Tourneur A, de Faria da Fonseca B, Doumont G, Gillotay P, Liao X-H, et al. Transplantable human thyroid organoids generated from embryonic stem cells to rescue hypothyroidism. Nat Commun. 2022;13:7057.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Longmire TA, Ikonomou L, Hawkins F, Christodoulou C, Cao Y, Jean JC, et al. Efficient derivation of purified lung and thyroid progenitors from embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;10:398–411.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma R, Latif R, Davies TF. Human embryonic stem cells form functional thyroid follicles. Thyroid. 2015;25:455–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma R, Latif R, Davies TF. Thyroid follicle formation and thyroglobulin expression in multipotent endodermal stem cells. Thyroid. 2013;23:385–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma R, Morshed SA, Latif R, Davies TF. TAZ induction directs differentiation of thyroid follicular cells from human embryonic stem cells. Thyroid. 2017;27:292–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma R, Shi R, Morshed SA, Latif R, Davies TF. Derivation and 97% purification of human thyroid cells from dermal fibroblasts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:446.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurmann AA, Serra M, Hawkins F, Rankin SA, Mori M, Astapova I, et al. Regeneration of thyroid function by transplantation of differentiated pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2015;17:527–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Serra M, Alysandratos KD, Hawkins F, McCauley KB, Jacob A, Choi J, et al. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation reveals distinct developmental pathways regulating Lung-Versus Thyroid-Lineage specification. Development (Cambridge). 2017;144:3879–93.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Dame K, Cincotta S, Lang AH, Sanghrajka RM, Zhang L, Choi J, et al. Thyroid progenitors are robustly derived from embryonic stem cells through transient, developmental stage-specific overexpression of Nkx2-1. Stem Cell Reports. 2017;8:216–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ogundipe VML, Groen AH, Hosper N, Nagle PWK, Hess J, Faber H, et al. Generation and differentiation of adult tissue-derived human thyroid organoids. Stem Cell Reports. 2021;16:913–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liang J, Qian J, Yang L, Chen X, Wang X, Lin X et al. Modeling human thyroid development by fetal tissue‐derived organoid culture. Adv Sci 2022; 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105568.

van der Vaart J, Bosmans L, Sijbesma SF, Knoops K, van de Wetering WJ, Otten HG, et al. Adult mouse and human organoids derived from thyroid follicular cells and modeling of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021; 118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117017118.

Boj SF, Hwang C-I, Baker LA, Chio IIC, Engle DD, Corbo V, et al. Organoid models of human and mouse ductal pancreatic cancer. Cell. 2015;160:324–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao D, Vela I, Sboner A, Iaquinta PJ, Karthaus WR, Gopalan A, et al. Organoid cultures derived from patients with advanced prostate cancer. Cell. 2014;159:176–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sato T, Stange DE, Ferrante M, Vries RGJ, van Es JH, van den Brink S, et al. Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett’s Epithelium. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1762–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van de Wetering M, Francies HE, Francis JM, Bounova G, Iorio F, Pronk A, et al. Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients. Cell. 2015;161:933–45.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drost J, Clevers H. Organoids in cancer research. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18:407–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gleave AM, Ci X, Lin D, Wang Y. A synopsis of prostate organoid methodologies, applications, and limitations. Prostate. 2020;80:518–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maenhoudt N, Vankelecom H. Protocol for establishing organoids from human ovarian cancer biopsies. STAR Protoc. 2021;2:100429.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gunti S, Hoke ATK, Vu KP, London NR. Organoid and spheroid tumor models: techniques and applications. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:874.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saito Y, Onishi N, Takami H, Seishima R, Inoue H, Hirata Y, et al. Development of a functional thyroid model based on an organoid culture system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;497:783–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen D, Su X, Zhu L, Jia H, Han B, Chen H, et al. Papillary thyroid cancer organoids harboring BRAFV600E mutation reveal potentially beneficial effects of BRAF inhibitor-based combination therapies. J Transl Med. 2023;21:9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vlachogiannis G, Hedayat S, Vatsiou A, Jamin Y, Fernández-Mateos J, Khan K, et al. Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Science (1979). 2018;359:920–6.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Drost J, van Jaarsveld RH, Ponsioen B, Zimberlin C, van Boxtel R, Buijs A, et al. Sequential cancer mutations in cultured human intestinal stem cells. Nature. 2015;521:43–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matano M, Date S, Shimokawa M, Takano A, Fujii M, Ohta Y, et al. Modeling colorectal cancer using CRISPR-Cas9–mediated engineering of human intestinal organoids. Nat Med. 2015;21:256–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miura A, Yamada D, Nakamura M, Tomida S, Shimizu D, Jiang Y, et al. Oncogenic potential of human pluripotent stem cell‐derived lung organoids with <scp>HER2</scp> overexpression. Int J Cancer. 2021;149:1593–604.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nadauld LD, Garcia S, Natsoulis G, Bell JM, Miotke L, Hopmans ES, et al. Metastatic tumor evolution and organoid modeling implicate TGFBR2as a cancer driver in diffuse gastric cancer. Genome Biol. 2014;15:428.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Nadauld L, Ootani A, Corney DC, Pai RK, Gevaert O, et al. Oncogenic transformation of diverse gastrointestinal tissues in primary organoid culture. Nat Med. 2014;20:769–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang L, Holtzinger A, Jagan I, BeGora M, Lohse I, Ngai N, et al. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell– and patient-derived tumor organoids. Nat Med. 2015;21:1364–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lo Y-H, Karlsson K, Kuo CJ. Applications of organoids for cancer biology and precision medicine. Nat Cancer. 2020;1:761–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM. Trends in thyroid cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1974-2013. JAMA. 2017;317:1338.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Romitti M, Ceolin L, Siqueira DR, Ferreira CV, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Signaling pathways in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas. Int J Oncol. 2013;42:19–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kimura ET, Nikiforova MN, Zhu Z, Knauf JA, Nikiforov YE, Fagin JA. High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2003;63:1454–7.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fagin JA, Mitsiades N. Molecular pathology of thyroid cancer: diagnostic and clinical