Abou-Alfa GK, Puig O, Daniele B, et al. Randomized phase II placebo controlled study of codrituzumab in previously treated patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2016;65(2):289–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.004.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adachi K, Kano Y, Nagai T, et al. IL-7 and CCL19 expression in CAR-T cells improves immune cell infiltration and CAR-T cell survival in the tumor. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36(4):346–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4086.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alizadeh D, Wong RA, Yang X, et al. IL15 Enhances CAR-T Cell Antitumor Activity by Reducing mTORC1 Activity and Preserving Their Stem Cell Memory Phenotype. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019;7(5):759–72. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0466.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baier JL, Mattner J. Mechanisms of autoimmune liver disease. Discov Med. 2014;18(100):255–63.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Binnewies M, Roberts EW, Kersten K, et al. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy. Nat Med. 2018;24(5):541–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0014-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chabannon C, Bonini C. Structure of and Signalling Through Chimeric Antigen Receptor. 2022:3–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94353-0_1.

Feucht J, Sun J, Eyquem J, et al. Calibration of CAR activation potential directs alternative T cell fates and therapeutic potency. Nat Med. 2019;25(1):82–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0290-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goto S, Sakoda Y, Adachi K, et al. Enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of IL-7/CCL19-producing human CAR-T cells in orthotopic and patient-derived xenograft tumor models. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2021;70(9):2503–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-02853-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hong M, Clubb JD, Chen YY. Engineering CAR-T Cells for Next-Generation Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell. 2020;38(4):473–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.07.005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu B, Ren J, Luo Y, et al. Augmentation of Antitumor Immunity by Human and Mouse CAR T Cells Secreting IL-18. Cell Rep. 2017;20(13):3025–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ishiguro T, Sugimoto M, Kinoshita Y, et al. Anti-glypican 3 antibody as a potential antitumor agent for human liver cancer. Cancer Res. 2008;68(23):9832–8. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1973.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kudo M. Recent advances in systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in an aging society: 2020 update. Liver Cancer. 2020;9(6):640–62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li C, Jiang P, Wei S, et al. Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01234-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Ramadori P, Pfister D, et al. The immunological and metabolic landscape in primary and metastatic liver cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(9):541–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00383-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin Z, Lu D, Wei X, et al. Heterogeneous responses in hepatocellular carcinoma: the achilles heel of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10(4):1085–102.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lindau D, Gielen P, Kroesen M, et al. The immunosuppressive tumour network: myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells. Immunology. 2013;138(2):105–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12036.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu G, Rui W, Zhao X, et al. Enhancing CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(5):1085–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-021-00655-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakano K, Orita T, Nezu J, et al. Anti-glypican 3 antibodies cause ADCC against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;378(2):279–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.033.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park JH, Riviere I, Gonen M, et al. Long-term follow-up of CD19 CAR therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(5):449–59. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709919.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pedroza-Gonzalez A, Verhoef C, Ijzermans JN, et al. Activated tumor-infiltrating CD4+ regulatory T cells restrain antitumor immunity in patients with primary or metastatic liver cancer. Hepatology. 2013;57(1):183–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi C, Gong J, Li J, et al. Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: phase 1 trial interim results. Nat Med. 2022;28(6):1189–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01800-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ren D, Liu W, Ding S, et al. Protocol for generating human immune system mice and hydrodynamic injection to analyze human hematopoiesis in vivo. STAR Protoc. 2022;3(1):101217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101217.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez-Garcia A, Lynn RC, Poussin M, et al. CAR-T cell-mediated depletion of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages promotes endogenous antitumor immunity and augments adoptive immunotherapy. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-20893-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roshan MM, Young A, Reinheimer K, et al. Dynamic assessment of cell viability, proliferation and migration using real time cell analyzer system (RTCA). Cytotechnology. 2015;67(2):379–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-014-9692-5.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shalapour S, Lin XJ, Bastian IN, et al. Inflammation-induced IgA+ cells dismantle anti-liver cancer immunity. Nature. 2017;551(7680):340–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24302.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shimizu Y, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa T, et al. Next-generation cancer immunotherapy targeting glypican-3. Front Oncol. 2019;9:248. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00248.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tokunaga Y, Sasaki T, Goto S, et al. Enhanced antitumor responses of tumor antigen-specific TCR T cells genetically engineered to produce IL7 and CCL19. Mol Cancer Ther. 2022;21(1):138–48. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-21-0400.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villablanca EJ, Raccosta L, Zhou D, et al. Tumor-mediated liver X receptor-alpha activation inhibits CC chemokine receptor-7 expression on dendritic cells and dampens antitumor responses. Nat Med. 2010;16(1):98–105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2074.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weber EW, Parker KR, Sotillo E, et al. Transient rest restores functionality in exhausted CAR-T cells through epigenetic remodeling. Science. 2021;372(6537):eaba1786. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba1786.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xie G, Ivica NA, Jia B, et al. CAR-T cells targeting a nucleophosmin neoepitope exhibit potent specific activity in mouse models of acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Biomed Eng. 2021;5(5):399–413. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-020-00625-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamada Y, Harada M, Yamaguchi A, et al. Technical Performance and Clinical Effectiveness of Drop Type With Adjustable Concentrator-Cell Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy. Artif Organs. 2017;41(12):1135–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.12933.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yi M, Zheng X, Niu M, et al. Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions. Mol Cancer. 2022;21(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01489-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu S, Li A, Liu Q, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells: a novel therapy for solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-017-0444-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Fu X, Li T, et al. The prognostic value of myeloid derived suppressor cell level in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e225327.