Qianghua X, Grant SFA. The genetics of human obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281:178–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12020.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singh RK, Kumar P, Mahalingam K. Molecular genetics of human obesity: a comprehensive review. Comptes Rendus Biol. 2017;340(2):87–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.007.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ramakrishnan G, Beriwal P, Sangam, Chandra NC. Low density lipoproteinemia in obese and type-2 diabetics from association of IR and LDLR. Diabetes Obes Int J. 2019;4(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/doij-16000194.

Suneja S, Ramakrishnan G, Tandon N, Chandra NC. Modulation by insulin of the co-localized LDL receptor in normal and type-I diabetic subjects. Int J Clin Med. 2011;2(3):231–45. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2011.23038.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ramakrishnan G, Arjuman A, Suneja S, Das C, Chandra NC. The association between insulin and low-density lipoprotein receptors. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res. 2012;9(3):196–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164111430243.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998;15(7):539–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7%3c539::AID-DIA668%3e3.0.CO;2-S.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brännmark C, Nyman E, Fagerholm S, Bergenholm L, Ekstrand EM, Cedersund G, et al. Insulin signaling in type 2 diabetes: experimental and modeling analyses reveal mechanisms of insulin resistance in human adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:9867–80. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.432062.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Folli F, Okada T, Perego C, Gunton J, Liew CW, Akiyama M, et al. Altered insulin receptor signalling and β-cell cycle dynamics in type-2 diabetes mellitus. PloS one. 2011;6(11): e28050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028050.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beriwal P, Chandra NC. Human obesity: a noxious sequel of inverse intents of ligands and receptors. Diabetes Obes Int J. 2019;4(4). https://doi.org/10.23880/doij-16000217.

Leon-Cabrera S, Solís-Lozano L, Suárez-Álvarez K, González-Chávez A, YadiraL-Béjar YL, Robles-Díaz G, et al. Hyperleptinemia is associated with parameters of low-grade systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obese human beings. Front Integr Neurosci. 2013;7:62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00062.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beriwal P, Chandra NC. Hyperlipidimia, hyperleptinemia and insulin resistance: intercorrelation with obesity. Diabetes Obes Int J. 2020;5(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/doij-16000223.

Canale MP, di Villahermosa SM, Martino G, Rovella V, Noce A, Lorenzo AD, et al. Obesity-related metabolic syndrome: mechanisms of sympathetic overactivity. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013: 865965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/865965.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mishra S, Harris TB, Hue T, Miljkovic I, Satterfield S, Rekeneire ND, et al. Hyperleptinemia, adiposity, and risk of metabolic syndrome in older adults. J Nutr Metab. 2013;2013: 327079. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/327079.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hukshorn CJ, Lindeman JHN, Toet KH, Saris WH, Eilers PH, Kooistra PT. Leptin and the proinflammatory state associated with human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(4):1773–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030803.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shebl TH, Azeem NEDA, Younis HA, Soliman AM, Ashmawy AM, Ali MMN. Relationship between serum leptin concentration and insulin resistance syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Curr Med Res Pract. 2017;2(2):125–32. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCMRP.JCMRP_33_16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ren J. Leptin and hyperleptinemia—from friend to foe for cardiovascular function. J Endocrinol. 2004;181(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1810001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denroche HC, Levi J, Wideman RD, Sequeira RM, Huynh FK, Covey SD, et al. Leptin therapy reverses hyperglycemia in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, independent of hepatic leptin signaling. Diabetes. 2011;60(5):1414–23. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0958.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amitani M, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Inui A. The role of leptin in the control of insulin-glucose axis. Front Neurosci. 2013;7(51): 51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00051.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Goblan AS, Al-Alfi MA, Khan MZ. Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2014;7:587–91. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S67400.

Article  Google Scholar 

Eckel RH, Kahn SE, Ferrannini E, Goldfine AB, Nathan DM, Schwartz MW, et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes: What can be unified and what needs to be individualized? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):1654–63. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0585.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Lacone R, Russo O, Galletti F. Leptin levels predict the development of insulin resistance in a sample of adult men–the Olivetti heart study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(1):39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.10.003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moonishaa TM, Nanda SK, Shamraj M, Sivaa R, Sivakumar P, Ravichandran K. Evaluation of leptin as a marker of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J App Basic Med Res. 2017;7:176–80. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_278_16.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lin H-Y, Xu Q, Yeh S, Wang R-S, Sparks JD, Chang C. Insulin and leptin resistance with hyperleptinemia in mice lacking androgen receptor. Diabetes. 2005;54:1717–25. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1717.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science. 1995;269(5223):546–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7624778.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lönnqvist F, Arner P, Nordfors L, Schalling M. Overexpression of the obese (ob) gene in adipose tissue of human obese subjects. Nat Med. 1995;1(9):950–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0995-950.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yadav NK, Arjuman A, Chandra NC. Role of leptin on the expression of low density lipoprotein receptor. Indian J Med Res. 2014;140(4):524–30.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Regulation of the activity of the low density lipoprotein receptor in human fibroblasts. Cell. 1975;6(3):307–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(75)90182-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, Guyton JR, Insull W, Rosenfeld ME Jr, et al. Definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:840–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kashiwagi M, Kitabata H, Ozaki Y, Imanishi T, Akasaka T. Fatty streak assessed by optical coherence tomography: early atherosclerosis detection. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(2):109.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frostegård J. Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Frostegård BMC Med. 2013;11: 117.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Valk FM, Bekkering S, Kroon J, Yeang C, den Bossche JV, van Buul JD, et al. Oxidized phospholipids on lipoprotein(a) elicit arterial wall inflammation and an inflammatory monocyte response in humans. Circulation. 2016;134:611–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss. Circulation. 2006;113:898–918.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2169–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ridker PM. C-reactive protein and the prediction of cardiovascular events among those at intermediate risk: moving an inflammatory hypothesis toward consensus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(21):2129–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;286(3):327–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Osnabrugge RL, Mylotte D, Head SJ, Van Mieghem NM, Nkomo VT, LeReun CM, et al. Aortic stenosis in the elderly: disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1002–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ESG, Ference BA, Arsenault BJ, Berglund L, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a european atherosclerosis society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:3925–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central