Cisler JM, Koster EH. Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(2):203–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stein DJ, Scott KM, de Jonge P, Kessler RC. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: from surveys to nosology and back. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19(2):127–36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):327–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baxter AJ, Vos T, Scott KM, Ferrari AJ, Whiteford HA. The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychol Med. 2014;44(11):2363–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang X, Fang Y, Chen H, Zhang T, Yin X, Man J, et al. Global, regional and national burden of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2021;30: e36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Konnopka A, König H. Economic burden of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020;38(1):25–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santomauro DF, Herrera AMM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, et al. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1700–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D. Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19(2):93–107.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blier P, de Montigny C. Serotonin and drug-induced therapeutic responses in major depression, obsessive-compulsive and panic disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21(2 Suppl):91S-S98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem. 1994;40(2):288–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kraus C, Castrén E, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R. Serotonin and neuroplasticity—links between molecular, functional and structural pathophysiology in depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;77:317–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lowry CA, Johnson PL, Hay-Schmidt A, Mikkelsen J, Shekhar A. Modulation of anxiety circuits by serotonergic systems. Stress. 2005;8(4):233–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grossman L, Utterback E, Stewart A, Gaikwad S, Chung KM, Suciu C, et al. Characterization of behavioral and endocrine effects of LSD on zebrafish. Behav Brain Res. 2010;214(2):277–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Páleníček T, Hliňák Z, Bubeníková-Valešová V, Novák T, Horáček J. Sex differences in the effects of N, N-diethyllysergamide (LSD) on behavioural activity and prepulse inhibition. Progress Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34(4):588–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lewis V, Bonniwell EM, Lanham JK, Ghaffari A, Sheshbaradaran H, Cao AB, et al. A non-hallucinogenic LSD analog with therapeutic potential for mood disorders. Cell Rep. 2023;42(3): 112203.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Altemus M, Sarvaiya N, Neill EC. Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35(3):320–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McLean CP, Anderson ER. Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(6):496–505.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spigner C, Hawkins WE, Loren W. Gender differences in perception of risk associated with alcohol and drug use among college students. Women Health. 1993;20(1):87–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thiessen MS, Walsh Z, Bird BM, Lafrance A. Psychedelic use and intimate partner violence: the role of emotion regulation. J Psychopharmacol. 2018;32(7):749–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kettner H, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC. Motives for classical and novel psychoactive substances use in psychedelic polydrug users. Contemp Drug Problems. 2019;46(3):304–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cameron LP, Nazarian A, Olson DE. Psychedelic microdosing: prevalence and subjective effects. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2020;52(2):113–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mittman SM, Geyer MA. Dissociation of multiple effects of acute LSD on exploratory behavior in rats by ritanserin and propranolol. Psychopharmacology. 1991;105(1):69–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mittman SM, Geyer MA. Effects of 5HT-1A agonists on locomotor and investigatory behaviors in rats differ from those of hallucinogens. Psychopharmacology. 1989;98(3):321–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krebs KM, Geyer MA. Cross-tolerance studies of serotonin receptors involved in behavioral effects of LSD in rats. Psychopharmacology. 1994;113(3–4):429–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geyer MA, Gordon J, Adams LM. Behavioral effects of xylamine-induced depletions of brain norepinephrine: interaction with LSD. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior. 1985;23(4):619–25.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Adams LM, Geyer MA. A proposed animal model for hallucinogens based on LSD’s effects on patterns of exploration in rats. Behav Neurosci. 1985;99(5):881–900.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams LM, Geyer MA. LSD-induced alterations of locomotor patterns and exploration in rats. Psychopharmacology. 1982;77(2):179–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geyer MA, Light RK, Rose GJ, Petersen LR, Horwitt DD, Adams LM, et al. A characteristic effect of hallucinogens on investigatory responding in rats. Psychopharmacology. 1979;65(1):35–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conway CN, Baker LE. Lysergic acid diethylamide produces anxiogenic effects in the rat light/dark test and elevated plus maze. Psi Chi J Psychol Res. 2022;27(3):197–204.

Article  Google Scholar 

De Gregorio D, Inserra A, Enns JP, Markopoulos A, Pileggi M, El Rahimy Y, et al. Repeated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reverses stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, cortical synaptogenesis deficits and serotonergic neurotransmission decline. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47:1188–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strajhar P, Schmid Y, Liakoni E, Dolder PC, Rentsch KM, Kratschmar DV, et al. Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on circulating steroid levels in healthy subjects. J Neuroendocrinol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12374.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tronche F, Kellendonk C, Kretz O, Gass P, Anlag K, Orban PC, et al. Disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety. Nat Genetics. 1999;23(1):99–103.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyle MP, Kolber BJ, Vogt SK, Wozniak DF, Muglia LJ. Forebrain glucocorticoid receptors modulate anxiety-associated locomotor activation and adrenal responsiveness. J Neurosci. 2006;26(7):1971–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Gregorio D, Posa L, Ochoa-Sanchez R, McLaughlin R, Maione S, Comai S, et al. The hallucinogen d-lysergic diethylamide (LSD) decreases dopamine firing activity through 5-HT(1A), D(2) and TAAR(1) receptors. Pharmacol Res. 2016;113(Pt A):81–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aghajanian GK. Mescaline and LSD facilitate the activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli. Brain Res. 1980;186(2):492–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Rezai T, Lopez-Canul MG, Comai S, Gobbi G. Lysergic acid diethylamide differentially modulates the reticular thalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, and infralimbic prefrontal cortex: an in vivo electrophysiology study in male mice. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35(4):469–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bershad AK, Schepers ST, Bremmer MP, Lee R, de Wit H. Acute subjective and behavioral effects of microdoses of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy human volunteers. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86(10):792–800.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central