Jaggard M, et al. Can metabolic profiling provide a new description of osteoarthritis and enable a personalised medicine approach? 2020;39:3875–3882.

Wang H, et al. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk for knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;2016:7242478.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu S-Y, et al. Bidirectional association between metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12(1):38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pan F, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and knee structural change on MRI. Rheumatology. 2019;59(1):185–93.

Google Scholar 

Jha BK, et al. Progress in understanding metabolic syndrome and knowledge of its complex pathophysiology. 2023;4(2):134–59.

Google Scholar 

Courties A, Berenbaum F, Sellam JJJBS. The phenotypic approach to osteoarthritis: a look at metabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis. 2019;86(6):725–730.

Zhuo Q, et al. Metabolic syndrome meets osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(12):729–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Askari A, et al. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritis: the Fasa Osteoarthritis Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017;11:S827–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He Y, et al. Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: risk factors, regulatory pathways in chondrocytes, and experimental models. 2020;9(8):194.

Al Khatib F, et al. Biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint during gait in obese versus normal subjects. 2022;19(2):989.

Google Scholar 

Coggon D, et al. Knee osteoarthritis and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(5):622–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun AR, et al. Cartilage tissue engineering for obesity-induced osteoarthritis: physiology, challenges, and future prospects. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 2021;26:3–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen L, et al. Pathogenesis and clinical management of obesity-related knee osteoarthritis: impact of mechanical loading. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 2020;24:66–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, et al. Relationship between knee muscle strength and fat/muscle mass in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. 2020;17(2):573.

Google Scholar 

Yanoshita M, et al. Cyclic tensile strain upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via FAK-MAPK signaling in chondrocytes. Inflammation. 2018;41(5):1621–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirose N, et al. Protective effects of cilengitide on inflammation in chondrocytes under excessive mechanical stress. 2020;44(4):966–74.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hikida M, Nakajima M, Nakata K. Cyclic compressive mechanical loading on three­dimensional cultured tissue of human chondrocytes synergistically upregulates MMP­3 gene expression with IL-1β. J Osaka Dent Univ. 2021;55(1):91–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, et al. Mechanical overloading promotes chondrocyte senescence and osteoarthritis development through downregulating FBXW7. 2022;81(5):676–686.

Roemhildt ML, et al. Chronic in vivo load alteration induces degenerative changes in the rat tibiofemoral joint. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(2):346–57.

• Pragasam SSJ, Venkatesan V. Metabolic syndrome predisposes to osteoarthritis: lessons from model system. CARTILAGE. 2020;1947603520980161. The incidence of knee OA associated with metabolic syndrome in an obese mutant rodent model confirms the role played by various components of MetS in promoting the incidence of OA

Zhu, J., et al., Instability and excessive mechanical loading mediate subchondral bone changes to induce osteoarthritis. 2020, 2020;8(6):350.

Kovács B, Vajda E, Nagy EE. Regulatory effects and interactions of the Wnt and OPG-RANKL-RANK signaling at the bone-cartilage interface in osteoarthritis. 2019;20(18):4653.

Google Scholar 

Karimi MT. and F. Hemati, Knee joint osteoarthritis in obese subjects, effects of diet and exercise on knee-joint loading: a review of literature. 2022;33(4):376–83.

Google Scholar 

Gløersen M, et al. Associations of body mass index with pain and the mediating role of inflammatory biomarkers in people with hand osteoarthritis. 2022;74(5):810–7.

Google Scholar 

Wang T, He C. Pro-inflammatory cytokines: the link between obesity and osteoarthritis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018;44:38–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu J, et al. Adipose tissue-resident immune cells in obesity and type 2 diabetes. 2019;10(1173).

Castoldi A, et al. The macrophage switch in obesity development. Front Immunol. 2015;6:637.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2548–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL, Saltiel AR. Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Investig. 2007;117(1):175–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu S, et al. Cartilage tissue engineering: from proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (review). Mol Med Rep. 2022;25(3):99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Purdy JC, Shatzel JJ. The hematologic consequences of obesity. 2021;106(3):306–19.

Google Scholar 

Sun AR, et al. Obesity-associated metabolic syndrome spontaneously induces infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophage in synovium and promotes osteoarthritis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8): e0183693.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Cai D, Bai X. Macrophages regulate the progression of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020;28(5):555–61. Activated macrophages generate pro-inflammatory mediators, as well as multiple tissue-degrading enzymes that escalate the inflammatory milieu and contribute to the destruction of cartilage and bone.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jenei-Lanzl Z, Meurer A, Zaucke F. Interleukin-1β signaling in osteoarthritis – chondrocytes in focus. Cell Signal. 2019;53:212–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Molnar V, et al. Cytokines and chemokines involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. 2021;22(17):9208.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, et al. Telmisartan mitigates TNF-α-induced type II collagen reduction by upregulating SOX-9. ACS Omega. 2021;6(17):11756–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu Z, et al. Agonism of GPR120 prevented IL-1β-induced reduction of extracellular matrix through SOX-9. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(12):12074–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiegertjes R, van de Loo FAJ, Blaney Davidson ENA. roadmap to target interleukin-6 in osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(10):2681–2694.

Na HS, et al. Interleukin-1-interleukin-17 signaling axis induces cartilage destruction and promotes experimental osteoarthritis. 2020;11.

Kang S, et al. Targeting interleukin-6 signaling in clinic. Immunity. 2019;50(4):1007–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Mimpen JY, et al. Interleukin-17A causes osteoarthritis-like transcriptional changes in human osteoarthritis-derived chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts in vitro. 2021;12. IL-17 cytokines activated multiple catabolic pathways in knee OA patients making it a potential biomarker and a clincal target in OA

Zhu X, et al. Phenotypic alteration of macrophages during osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):110.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu B, et al. Imbalance of M1/M2 macrophages is linked to severity level of knee osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med. 2018;16(6):5009–14.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xie J, et al. Clinical implications of macrophage dysfunction in the development of osteoarthritis of the knee. 2019;46:36–44.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang W, et al. Targeting macrophage polarization as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;116: 109790.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gu X, et al. Adipose tissue adipokines and lipokines: functions and regulatory mechanism in skeletal muscle development and homeostasis. Metabolism. 2023;139: 155379.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie C, Chen Q. Adipokines: new therapeutic target for osteoarthritis? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2019;21(12):71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan M, et al. The role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(14): e0257.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lambova SN, et al. Serum leptin and resistin levels in knee osteoarthritis—clinical and radiologic links: towards precise definition of metabolic type knee osteoarthritis. 2021;9(8):1019.

Min S, et al. Serum levels of leptin, osteopontin, and sclerostin in patients with and without knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(1):287–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kroon FPB, et al. The role of leptin and adiponectin as mediators in the relationship between adiposity and hand and knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(12):1761–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu J, et al. Association of serum levels of inflammatory markers and adipokines with joint symptoms and structures in participants with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology. 2021;61(3):1044–52. A complex interplay between the metabolic components and inflammatory markers have been found to be associated with joint symptoms and strucutral deformities in knee OA.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dumond H, et al. Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis. 2003;48(11):3118–29.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Gao Y-H, et al. An update on the association between metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritis and on the potential role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Cytokine. 2020;129: 155043.

Article  CAS  PubMed