Dahlin JS, Hallgren J. Mast cell progenitors: origin, development and migration to tissues. Mol Immunol. 2015;63(1):9–17.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Valent P, Akin C, Hartmann K, Nilsson G, Reiter A, Hermine O, et al. Mast cells as a unique hematopoietic lineage and cell system: from Paul Ehrlich’s visions to precision medicine concepts. Theranostics. 2020;10(23):10743–68.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Voelker D, Pongdee T. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of mast cell activation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025;25(1):27–33.
Garcia-Montero AC, Jara-Acevedo M, Teodosio C, Sanchez ML, Nunez R, Prados A. KIT mutation in mast cells and other bone marrow hematopoietic cell lineages in systemic mast cell disorders: a prospective study of the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA) in a series of 113 patients. Blood. 2006;108(7):2366–72.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Valent P, Hartmann K, Bonadonna P, Gülen T, Brockow K, Alvarez-Twose I, et al. Global classification of mast cell activation disorders: an ICD-10-CM–adjusted proposal of the ECNM-AIM consortium. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.05.007.
Valent P, Hartmann K, Bonadonna P, Niedoszytko M, Triggiani M, Arock M, et al. Mast Cell Activation Syndromes: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2022. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology: S. Karger AG; 2022. p. 693–705.
Valent P, Akin C. Doctor, i think i am suffering from MCAS: differential diagnosis and separating facts from fiction. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(4):1109–14.
Butterfield J, Weiler CR. The utility of measuring urinary metabolites of mast cell mediators in systemic mastocytosis and mast cell activation syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2533–41.
Valent P, Bonadonna P, Hartmann K, Broesby-Olsen S, Brockow K, Butterfield JH, et al. Why the 20% + 2 tryptase formula is a diagnostic gold standard for severe systemic mast cell activation and mast cell activation syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501079.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Korosec P, Gonzalez-de-Olano D, Lyons JJ. Alpha-tryptase overexpression as a modifier of mast cell-mediated reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2025;13(12):3180–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lyons JJ, Yu X, Hughes JD, Le QT, Jamil A, Bai Y, et al. Elevated basal serum tryptase identifies a multisystem disorder associated with increased TPSAB1 copy number. Nat Genet. 2016;48(12):1564–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schwartz LB, Metcalfe DD, Miller JS, Earl H, Sullivan T. Tryptase levels as an indicator of mast-cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1622–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hallgren J, Pejler G. Biology of mast cell tryptase: an inflammatory mediator. FEBS J. 2006;273(9):1871–95.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mateja A, Wang Q, Chovanec J, Kim J, Wilson KJ, Schwartz LB, et al. Defining baseline variability of serum tryptase levels improves accuracy in identifying anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149(3):1010-7.e10.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
White MV. The role of histamine in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;86(4 PART 2):599–605.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lieberman P. The basics of histamine biology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;106(2 SUPPL):S2-5.
Pollock I, Murdoch RD, Lessof MH. Plasma histamine and clinical tolerance to infused histamine in normal, atopic and urticarial subjects. Agents Actions. 1991;32(3–4):359–65.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Friedman BS, Steinberg SC, Meggs WJ, Kaliner MA, Frieri M, Metcalfe DD. Analysis of plasma histamine levels in patients with mast cell disorders. Am J Med. 1989;87(6):649–54.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Engevik AC, Kaji I, Goldenring JR. The physiology of the gastric parietal cell. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(2):573–602.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang B, Wu L, Chen J, Dong L, Chen C, Wen Z, et al. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2021;6:1.
Ricciotti E, Fitzgerald GA. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:986–1000.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors; emerging concepts. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2014;6(4):288–95.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rouzer CA, Scott WA, Hamill AL, Cohn ZA. Synthesis of leukotriene C and other arachidonic acid metabolites by mouse pulmonary alveolar macrophages. J Exp Med. 1982;155:720–33.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rittchen S, Heinemann A. Therapeutic potential of hematopoietic prostaglandin D(2) synthase in allergic inflammation. Cells. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8060619.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Awad JA, Morrow JD, Roberts LJ 2nd. Detection of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin D2 in the circulation: demonstration of elevated levels in patients with disorders of systemic mast cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;93(5):817–24.
Matsuoka T, Hirata M, Tanaka H, Takahashi Y, Murata T, Kabashima K, et al. Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma. Science. 2000;287(5460):2013–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Williams TJ, Peck MJ. Role of prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation in inflammation. Nature. 1977;270(5637):530–2.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Butterfield JH. Increased excretion of mast cell mediator metabolites during mast cell activation syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2023.02.017.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peters-Golden M, Gleason MM, Togias A. Cysteinyl leukotrienes: multi-functional mediators in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(6):689–703.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cai C, Yang J, Hu S, Zhou M, Guo W. Relationship between urinary cysteinyl leukotriene E4 levels and clinical response to antileukotriene treatment in patients with asthma. Lung. 2007;185(2):105–12.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
MacGlashan DW Jr., Schleimer RP, Peters SP, Schulman ES, Adams GK 3rd, Newball HH, et al. Generation of leukotrienes by purified human lung mast cells. J Clin Invest. 1982;70(4):747–51.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kanthawatana S, Carias K, Arnaout R, Hu J, Irani a, Schwartz LB. The potential clinical utility of serum alpha-protryptase levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103(6):1092–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sperr WR, Jordan JH, Fiegl M, Escribano L, Bellas C, Dirnhofer S, et al. Serum tryptase levels in patients with mastocytosis: correlation with mast cell burden and implication for defining the category of disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2002;128(2):136–41.
Comments (0)