Arbizu PM (2020) pairwiseAdonis: Pairwise multilevel comparison using adonis. R package version 0.4. GitHub, Inc

Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, Alexander H, Alm EJ, Arumugam M, Asnicar FJ (2019) Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat Biotechnol 37:852–857

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Breuer K, Werfel T (2019) Atopic dermatitis. Kanerva’s occupational dermatology. Springer, Berin, pp 1–17

Google Scholar 

Bukin YS, Galachyants YP, Morozov I, Bukin S, Zakharenko A, Zemskaya TJ (2019) The effect of 16S rRNA region choice on bacterial community metabarcoding results. Sci Data 6:1–14

Article  Google Scholar 

Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJ, Holmes SP (2016) DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods 13:581–583

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi JH, Jin SW, Lee GH, Cho SM, Jeong HG (2020) Orostachys japonicus ethanol extract inhibits 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced TARC expression in HaCaT cells. Toxicol Res 36:99–108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung H-J, Lee H, Kim M, Lee JW, Saeed M, Lee H, Jung S-H, Shim J-J, Lee J-L, Heo KJ et al (2022) Development and metabolic profiling of a postbiotic complex exhibiting antibacterial activity against skin microorganisms and anti-inflammatory effect on human keratinocytes. Food Sci Biotechnol 31:1325–1334

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dinić M, Burgess JL, Lukić J, Catanuto P, Radojević D, Marjanović J, Verpile R, Thaller SR, Gonzalez T, Golić NJ (2024) Postbiotic lactobacilli induce cutaneous antimicrobial response and restore the barrier to inhibit the intracellular invasion of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and ex vivo. FASEB J 38:e23801

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drislane C, Irvine AD (2020) The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 124:36–43

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Edslev SM, Agner T, Andersen PS (2020) Skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 100:5769

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferro JNdS, de Aquino FLT, de Brito RG, dos Santos PL, Quintans JdSS, de Souza LC, de Araújo AF, Diaz BL, Lucca‐Júnior W, Quintans‐Júnior LJ et al (2015) Cyclo‐Gly‐Pro, a cyclic dipeptide, attenuates nociceptive behaviour and inflammatory response in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 42:1287–1295

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furue MJ (2020) Regulation of filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin by IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, AHR, and NRF2: pathogenic implications in atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 21:5382

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Geoghegan JA, Irvine AD, Foster TJ (2018) Staphylococcus aureus and atopic dermatitis: a complex and evolving relationship. Trends Microbiol 26:484–497

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grice EA, Segre JA (2011) The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:244–253

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim JE, Kim JS, Cho DH, Park HJ (2016) Molecular mechanisms of cutaneous inflammatory disorder: atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 17:1234

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim HJ, Baek J, Lee JR, Roh JY, Jung YJ (2018) Optimization of cytokine milieu to reproduce atopic dermatitis-related gene expression in HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. Immune Netw 18:e9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim MS, Kim HJ, Kang SM, Heo YM, Kang J, Ryu TK, Kim HJ, Choi YB, Kim S, Nho YH (2024) Efficacy and safety of topical Streptococcus postbiotic emollient in adolescents and adults with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. Eur Acad Allergy Clin Immunol 79:1612–1616

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee J-H, Lim J-Y, Jo EH, Noh HM, Park S, Park MC, Kim D-K (2020) Chijabyukpi-tang inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in TNF-α/IFN-γ-Stimulated HaCaT cells and ameliorates 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. Front Pharmacol 11:1018

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakamura Y, Oscherwitz J, Cease KB, Chan SM, Muñoz-Planillo R, Hasegawa M, Villaruz AE, Cheung GY, McGavin MJ, Travers JB (2013) Staphylococcus δ-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells. Nature 503:397–401

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Narala S, Chun KA, Two AM, Yun T, Shafiq F, Kotol PF, Bouslimani A, Melnik AV (2017) Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med 9:eaah4680

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nataraj BH, Ramesh C, Mallappa RH (2025) Probiotic and postbiotic interference exhibit anti-adhesion effects against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and impede MRSA-induced intestinal epithelial hyper-permeability in HT-29 cell line. Microb Pathog 199:107215

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi XF, Kim DH, Yoon YS, Li JH, Jin D, Teng YC, Kim SK, Lee KJ (2009) Fluvastatin inhibits expression of the chemokine MDC/CCL22 induced by interferon-γ in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line. Br J Pharmacol 157:1441–1450

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS, Huttenhower CJ (2011) Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol 12:1–18

Article  Google Scholar 

Silverberg JI, Thyssen JP, Simpson EL, Yosipovitch G, Ständer S, Valdez H, Rojo R, Biswas P, Myers DE, Feeney CJ (2021) Impact of oral abrocitinib monotherapy on patient-reported symptoms and quality of life in adolescents and adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a pooled analysis of patient-reported outcomes. Am J Clin Dermatol 22:541–554

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar