Abosharaf HA, Elsonbaty Y, Tousson E, Mohamed M T (2024) Alzheimer’s disease-related brain insulin resistance and the prospective therapeutic impact of metformin. J Neuroendocrinol 36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.13356
Afees OJ, Ayodele BR, Gbenga A et al (2022) Localised streptozotocin-induced structural and cognitive changes in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA-1) neurons and mitigating effects of Zingiber officinale. Phytomedicine Plus 2:100162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100162
Ahmed S, Mahmood Z, Javed A et al (2017) Effect of metformin on adult hippocampal neurogenesis: comparison with donepezil and links to cognition. J Mol Neurosci 62:88–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-017-0915-z
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Allaman I, Bélanger M, Magistretti PJ (2015) Methylglyoxal, the dark side of Glycolysis. Front Neurosci 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00023
Allen S, Shea JM, Felmet T et al (2000) A kinetic microassay for glutathione in cells plated on 96-well microtiter plates. Methods Cell Sci 22:305–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1017585308255
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Alzheimer’s Association (2016) 2016 alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement 12:459–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001
Amiri S, Haj-Mirzaiain A, Momeny M et al (2017) Streptozotocin induced oxidative stress, innate immune system responses and behavioral abnormalities in male mice. Neuroscience 340:373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.003
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
An H, He L (2016) Current understanding of Metformin effect on the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes. J Endocrinol 228:R97–R106. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0447
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z, Macauley-Rambach SL et al (2018) Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol 14:168–181. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.185
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Asadbegi M, Yaghmaei P, Salehi I et al (2016) Neuroprotective effects of metformin against Aβ-mediated inhibition of long-term potentiation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Brain Res Bull 121:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.005
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Barini E, Antico O, Zhao Y et al (2016) Metformin promotes Tau aggregation and exacerbates abnormal behavior in a mouse model of Tauopathy. Mol Neurodegener 11:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0082-7
Biasibetti R, Almeida dos Santos JP, Rodrigues L et al (2017) Hippocampal changes in STZ-model of alzheimer’s disease are dependent on sex. Behav Brain Res 316:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.057
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Chen Y, Zhou K, Wang R et al (2009) Antidiabetic drug Metformin (GlucophageR) increases biogenesis of alzheimer’s amyloid peptides via up-regulating BACE1 transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:3907–3912. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807991106
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen Y, Liang Z, Tian Z et al (2014) Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin exacerbates Alzheimer-like changes of 3xTg-AD mice. Mol Neurobiol 49:547–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8539-y
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Chen Y, Zhao S, Fan Z et al (2021) Metformin attenuates plaque-associated tau pathology and reduces amyloid-β burden in APP/PS1 mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 13:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00761-9
Cho SY, Kim EW, Park SJ et al (2024) Reconsidering repurposing: long-term Metformin treatment impairs cognition in alzheimer’s model mice. Transl Psychiatry 14:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02755-9
Couroussé T, Gautron S (2015) Role of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in the brain. Pharmacol Ther 146:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.008
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Dai J, Ports KD, Corrada MM et al (2022) Metformin and dementia risk: a systematic review with respect to time‐related biases. Alzheimers Dement 18(S11):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.065338
Docrat TF, Nagiah S, Chuturgoon AA (2021) Metformin protects against neuroinflammation through integrated mechanisms of miR-141 and the NF-ĸB-mediated inflammasome pathway in a diabetic mouse model. Eur J Pharmacol 903:174146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174146
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Dos Santos JPA, Vizuete A, Hansen F et al (2017) Early and persistent O-GlcNAc protein modification in the streptozotocin model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170211
dos Santos JPA, Vizuete AF, Gonçalves CA (2020) Calcineurin-mediated hippocampal inflammatory alterations in Streptozotocin-induced model of dementia. Mol Neurobiol 57:502–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-01718-2
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Dringen R, Arend C (2025) Glutathione metabolism of the brain—the role of astrocytes. J Neurochem. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.70073
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dutta BJ, Singh S, Seksaria S et al (2022) Inside the diabetic brain: insulin resistance and molecular mechanism associated with cognitive impairment and its possible therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Res 182:106358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106358
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Farr SA, Roesler E, Niehoff ML et al (2019) Metformin improves learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 68:1699–1710. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181240
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Furihata T, Anzai N (2017) Functional expression of organic ion transporters in astrocytes and their potential as a drug target in the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Biol Pharm Bull 40:1153–1160. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b17-00076
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Grünblatt E, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Osmanovic J et al (2007) Brain insulin system dysfunction in streptozotocin intracerebroventricularly treated rats generates hyperphosphorylated tau protein. J Neurochem 101:757–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04368.x
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Hohnholt MC, Blumrich EM, Waagepetersen HS, Dringen R (2017) The antidiabetic drug Metformin decreases mitochondrial respiration and Tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in cultured primary rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 95:2307–2320. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24050
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Huang YC, Hsu CC, Lin WC et al (2014) Effects of metformin on the cerebral metabolic changes in type 2 diabetic patients. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/694326
Inyang KE, Szabo-Pardi T, Wentworth E et al (2019) The antidiabetic drug Metformin prevents and reverses neuropathic pain and spinal cord microglial activation in male but not female mice. Pharmacol Res 139:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.027
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Izquierdo I, Barros DM, Souza TM e, et al (1998) Mechanisms for memory types differ. Nature 393:635–636. https://doi.org/10.1038/31371
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Kandimalla R, Thirumala V, Reddy PH (2017) Is Alzheimer’s disease a type 3 diabetes? A critical appraisal. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) 1863:1078–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.018
Comments (0)