Cinnamaldehyde and 6-Gingerol attenuate neurodegeneration and improve cognitive function in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia

Li J, et al. Monitoring cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy and stenting. J Biomed Res. 2017;31(1):11–6. https://doi.org/10.7555/jbr.31.20150171.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harukuni I, Bhardwaj A. Mechanisms of brain injury after global cerebral ischemia. Neurol Clin. 2006;24(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2005.10.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simões Pires EN, et al. Berberine was neuroprotective against an in vitro model of brain ischemia: survival and apoptosis pathways involved. Brain Res. 2014;1557:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.021.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gulinello M, et al. Acute and chronic estradiol treatments reduce memory deficits induced by transient global ischemia in female rats. Horm Behav. 2006;49(2):246–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen H, et al. Oxidative stress in ischemic brain damage: mechanisms of cell death and potential molecular targets for neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;14(8):1505–17. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3576.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ciftci O, Vardi N, Ozdemir I. Effects of quercetin and chrysin on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2013;28(3):146–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20707.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao HJ, et al. Ligustrazine monomer against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res. 2015;10(5):832–40. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.156991.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crews R, Vattem D. Potential neuroprotective effects of cinnamon. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod. 2015;8:24–46.

Google Scholar 

Emamghoreishi M, et al. The neuroprotective mechanism of cinnamaldehyde against amyloid-β in neuronal SHSY5Y cell line: The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate, ryanodine, and adenosine receptors and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019;9(3):271–80.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arcusa R, et al. Potential Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Nutr. 2022;9:809621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.809621.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shanmugam KR, et al. Neuroprotective effect of ginger on anti-oxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(4):893–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Songvut P, et al. Unraveling the interconversion pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of the major ginger constituents: [6]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, and zingerone after single-dose administration in rats. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1391019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1391019.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arifin WN, Zahiruddin WM. Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach. Malays J Med Sci. 2017;24(5):101–5. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mehboodi D, et al. Stereological and behavioural analysis reveals the better neuroprotective effect of cinnamaldehyde than berberine chloride in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. Tradit Kampo Med. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1002/tkm2.1413.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mehboodi D, et al. Effect of berberine and menthol combination on memory impairment, neuronal structure, and antioxidant response in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-025-01756-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mehboodi D, et al. Protective Effects of Curcumin and Menthol in Rat Models of Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Comparative Study of Combined and Separate Treatments. Tradit Kampo Med. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1002/tkm2.70015.

Lee D, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus bark on transient global cerebral ischemia in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;139(1):6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.024.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dehghani MA, et al. Evaluating the neuroprotective effects of curcumin and cinnamaldehyde, individually and in combination, in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. Nutrire. 2025;50:45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-025-00349-z.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehboodi D, et al. Effect of berberine on the hippocampal structure, biochemical factors, memory, and blood-brain barrier in rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Phytother Res. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8234.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehboodi D, et al. Berberine alleviates cerebellar damage in global cerebral ischemia: A comprehensive study with stereological analysis, evaluation of the antioxidant response, and locomotor function in rat models. Tradit Kampo Med. 2024;11(3):222–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/tkm2.1431.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Namavar MR, et al. Effects of high-fat diet on the numerical density and number of neuronal cells and the volume of the mouse hypothalamus: a stereological study. Anat Cell Biol. 2012;45(3):178–84. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.178.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Owjfard M, et al. Therapeutic Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate on the Rat Model of Brain Ischemia. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e19330.

Article  Google Scholar 

Abusaad I, et al. Stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the murine hippocampus using the optical disector. J Comp Neurol. 1999;408(4):560–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990614)408:4. 〈560::aid-cne9〉3.0.co;2-p.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freund TF, et al. Relationship of neuronal vulnerability and calcium binding protein immunoreactivity in ischemia. Exp Brain Res. 1990;83(1):55–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00232193.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao J, et al. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits inflammation and brain damage in a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(20):5009–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13270.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo J, et al. 6-Gingerol protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis via TRPV1/FAF1 complex dissociation-mediated autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;100:108146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108146.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kongsui R, Jittiwat J. Ameliorative effects of 6-gingerol in cerebral ischemia are mediated via the activation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Biomed Rep. 2023;18(4):26. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1608.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castellanos NP, et al. Alteration and reorganization of functional networks: a new perspective in brain injury study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2011;5:90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00090.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poch C, Campo P. Neocortical-hippocampal dynamics of working memory in healthy and diseased brain states based on functional connectivity. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00036.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Finke C, et al. Neural correlates of short-term memory reorganization in humans with hippocampal damage. J Neurosci. 2013;33(27):11061–9. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0744-13.2013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim CY, et al. Neuroprotective Effect and Molecular Mechanism of [6]-Gingerol against Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in C57BL/6 Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:8941564.

Comments (0)

No login
gif