Abdul Hamid, A. F. (2010). Politically engaged Muslims in Malaysia in the era of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003–2009). Asian Journal of Political Science, 18(2), 154–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2010.492981

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Issa, R. S., Krauss, S., Roslan, S., & Abdullah, H. (2020). To heaven or to hell: Are Muslims’ afterlife hope and fear balanced? A cross-cultural study. Review Of Religious Research, 62, 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-020-00413-2

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Issa, R. S., Krauss, S., Roslan, S., & Abdullah, H. (2021a). The relationship between afterlife beliefs and mental wellbeing among Jordanian Muslim youth. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.125

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Issa, R. S., Krauss, S., Roslan, S., & Abdullah, H. (2021b). To heaven through hell: Are there cognitive foundations for purgatory? Evidence from Islamic cultures. Religions, 12(11), 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111026

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Issa, R. S., Krauss, S. E., Roslan, S., & Abdullah, H. (2022). Can I pay at purgatory? The negative impact of the purgatory ethic in Islamic societies: Theoretical and empirical evidence. Religions, 13(2), Article 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13020101

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Issa, R. S., Krauss, S., Roslan, S., & Abdullah, H. (2023). Afterlife beliefs and obligation to obey the law in high adherence contexts: Exploring connections among Malaysian youth. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 46(1), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2023.2279430

Article  Google Scholar 

Andrade, C. (2018). Internal, external, and ecological validity in research design, conduct, and evaluation. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 498–499. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_334_18

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnett, J. J. (2008). From “worm food” to “infinite bliss”: Emerging adults’ views of life after death. In R. M. Lerner, R. W. Roeser, & E. Phelps (Eds.), Positive youth development and spirituality: From theory to research (pp. 231–243). Templeton Foundation Press.

Google Scholar 

Atkinson, Q. D., & Bourrat, P. (2011). Beliefs about God, the afterlife and morality support the role of supernatural policing in human cooperation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.008

Article  Google Scholar 

Bakk, Z., & Kuha, J. (2021). Relating latent class membership to external variables: An overview. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 74(2), 340–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12227

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baumard, N. (2010). Has punishment played a role in the evolution of cooperation? A critical review. Mind & Society, 9(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-010-0079-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Beheim, B., Atkinson, Q. D., Bulbulia, J., Gervais, W., Gray, R. D., Henrich, J., Lang, M., Monroe, M. W., Muthukrishna, M., Norenzayan, A., Purzycki, B. G., Shariff, A., Slingerland, E., Spicer, R., & Willard, A. K. (2021). Treatment of missing data determined conclusions regarding moralizing gods. Nature, 595(7866), E29–E34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03655-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Binzel, C., & Fehr, D. (2013). Social distance and trust: Experimental evidence from a slum in Cairo. Journal of Development Economics, 103, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.01.009

Article  Google Scholar 

Bohnet, I., Herrman, B., & Zeckhauser, R. (2010). Trust and the reference points for trustworthiness in gulf and western countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125, 811–828.

Article  Google Scholar 

Botero, C. A., Gardner, B., Kirby, K. R., Bulbulia, J., Gavin, M. C., & Gray, R. D. (2014). The ecology of religious beliefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(47), 16784–16789. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408701111

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chittick, W. C. (2008). Muslim eschatology. In J. L. Walls (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of eschatology (pp. 132–15). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170498.003.8

Dastmalchian, A. (2017). Islam. In Y. Nagasawa & B. Matheson (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of the afterlife (pp. 153–173). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48609-7_8

De Ridder, D. T., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M. T., & Maner, J. K. (2008). Depletion makes the heart grow less helpful: Helping as a function of self-regulatory energy and genetic relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(12), 1653–1662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208323981

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Douglas, B. S. (2007). Global corruption and religion: An empirical examination. Journal of Global Ethics, 3(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449620600991614

Article  Google Scholar 

Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T. J., Enke, B., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2018). Global evidence on economic preferences. The Quarterly Journal Of Economics, 133(4), 1645–1692. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy013

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferguson, S. L., Moore, E. W. G., & Hull, D. M. (2020). Finding latent groups in observed data: A primer on latent profile analysis in Mplus for applied researchers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 44(5), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419881721

Article  Google Scholar 

Fine, A., Van Rooij, B., Feldman, Y., Shalvi, S., Scheper, E., Leib, M., & Cauffman, E. (2016). Rule orientation and behavior: Development and validation of a scale measuring individual acceptance of rule violation. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(3), 314–329.

Article  Google Scholar 

Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001002

Article  Google Scholar 

Günther, S. (2020). Eschatology and the Qur’an. In M. Shah, & M. Abdel Haleem, The Oxford handbook of Qur’anic studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199698646.013.11

Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M., Lagos, P., Norris, P., Ponarin, E., & Puranen, B. (2020). World values survey: Round seven – country-pooled datafile. JD Systems Institute WVSA Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.1

Book  Google Scholar 

Hamzah, M. I., Othman, A. K., Fikry, A., Putit, L., & Abu Hassan, L. F. (2025). The psychology of the afterlife and Islamic financing adoption. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 43(8), 1732–1755. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-11-2024-0696

Article  Google Scholar 

Hanapi, M. S. (2014). The Wasatiyyah (moderation) concept in Islamic epistemology: A case study of its implementation in Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(9), 52–62. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1445297

Haruvy, E. E., Ioannou, C. A., & Golshirazi, F. (2018). The religious observance of Ramadan and prosocial behavior. Economic Inquiry, 56(1), 226–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12480

Article  Google Scholar 

Hoffmann, L. (2022). Cooperation in the name of God? Experimental evidence from Ghana and Tanzania. Journal of Economic Psychology, 93, Article 102573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2022.102573

Article  Google Scholar 

Holmes, C. J., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2017). Adolescents’ religiousness and substance use are linked via afterlife beliefs and future orientation. Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(8), 1054–1077. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616642325

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson, J. C., Caluori, N., Abrams, S., Beckman, E., Gelfand, M., & Gray, K. (2021). Tight cultures and vengeful gods: How culture shapes religious belief. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(10), 2057–2077. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001033

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen, L. A. (2023). Afterlife beliefs among evangelical and mainline Protestant children, adolescents, and adults: A cultural–developmental study in the U.S. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 15(1), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000424

Article  Google Scholar 

Johnson, D. (2011). Why god is the best punisher. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 1(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.558714

Article  Google Scholar 

Johnson, D. (2016). God is watching you: How the fear of God makes us human. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.38290

Johnson, D. D. P. (2005). God’s punishment and public goods: A test of the supernatural punishment hypothesis in 186 world cultures. Human Nature, 16(4), 410–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-005-1017-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson, D. D. P. (2018). The wrath of the academics: Criticisms, applications, and extensions of the supernatural punishment hypothesis. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 8(3), 320–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2017.1302986

Article  Google Scholar 

Johnson, K. A., Cohen, A. B., & Okun, M. A. (2016). God is watching you … but also watching over you: The influence of benevolent God representations on secular volunteerism among Christians. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000040

Article  Google Scholar