Ehrmann DA (2005) Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1223–1236

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasquali R, Gambineri A (2013) Glucose intolerance states in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 36(8):648–653

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ (2010) Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 16(4):347–363

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wild RA, Carmina E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Dokras A, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W et al (2010) Assessment of cardiovascular risk and prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (AE-PCOS) Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2038–2049

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esmaeli B, Harvey JT, Hewlett B (2000) Immunohistochemical evidence for estrogen receptors in meibomian glands. Ophthalmology 107(1):180–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00040-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Nepp J, Schneeberger C, Sator M, Dietrich W, Wedrich A, Huber J, Tschugguel W (2002) Identification of estrogen and progesterone receptor mrna expression in the conjunctiva of premenopausal women. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:2841–2844

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel P, Harris A, Toris C, Tobe L, Lang M, Belamkar A, Ng A, Verticchio Vercellin AC, Mathew S, Siesky B (2018) Effects of sex hormones on ocular blood flow and intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma: a review. J Glaucoma 27(12):1037–1041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nuzzi R, Caselgrandi P (2022) Sex hormones and their effects on ocular disorders and pathophysiology: current aspects and our experience. Int J Mol Sci 23(6):3269

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agrawal R, Gupta P, Tan KA et al (2016) Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study. Sci Rep 6:1–9

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Betzler BK, Ding J, Wei X, Lee JM, Grewal DS, Fekrat S, Sadda SR, Zarbin MA, Agarwal A, Gupta V, Schmetterer L, Agrawal R (2022) Choroidal vascularity index: a step towards software as a medical device. Br J Ophthalmol 106(2):149–155

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81(1):19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004

Article  Google Scholar 

Carmina E, Rosato F, Janni A, Rizzo M, Longo RA (2006) Relative prevalence of different androgen excess disorders in 950 women referred because of clinical hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(1):2–6. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1187

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF et al (2023) Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 38(5):894–912. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dead030

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barth JH, Yasmin E, Balen AH (2007) The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: the criteria are insufficiently robust for clinical research. Clin Endocrinol Oxf 67(6):811–815. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02932.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sumer F, Gurlek B, Yildiz E, Uzun F, Colak S, Ayazoglu IM (2025) Evaluation of retinal changes in women with different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 15(2):227

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akarsu Acar OP, Cengiz H, Onur IU, Iliman DE, Zirtiloglu S, Yigit FU (2021) Assessment of the retinal and choroidal microvascularization in polycystic ovary syndrome: an optical coherence tomography angiography study. Int Ophthalmol 41(7):2339–2346

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nuzzi R, Scalabrin S, Becco A, Panzica G (2019) Sex hormones and optic nerve disorders: a review. Front Neurosci 13:57

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siddiqui AN, Siddiqui N, Khan RA, Kalam A, Jabir NR, Kamal MA, Firoz CK, Tabrez S (2016) Neuroprotective role of steroidal sex hormones: an overview. CNS Neurosci Ther 22:342–350

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Toker E, Yenice O, Akpinar I, Aribal E, Kazakoglu H (2003) The influence of sex hormones on ocular blood flow in women. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 81(6):617–624

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Savastano MC, Lumbroso B, Rispoli M (2015) In vivo characterization of retinal vascularization morphology using optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina 35:2196–2203

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaya MK, Turgut B, Demir T, Celiker U, Gurates B (2011) A case of vogt-koyanagi-harada disease associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Med Res 3(2):93–95

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shirian JD, Shaia JK, Das N, Talcott KE, Singh RP, Mammo DA (2025) Associations between androgen exposure, polycystic ovary syndrome, and Transmasculine individuals with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmol Retina 9(5):460–464

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agrawal R, Salman M, Tan KA, Karampelas M, Sim DA, Keane PA et al (2016) Choroidal vascularity index (CVI)–a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for monitoring patients with panuveitis? PLoS ONE 11:e0146344

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Örnek N, İnal M, Tulmaç ÖB, Özcan-Dağ Z, Örnek K (2015) Ocular blood flow in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 41(7):1080–1086

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marin-Castano ME, Elliot SJ, Potier M, Karl M, Striker LJ, Striker GE et al (2003) Regulation of estrogen receptors and MMP-2 expression by estrogens in human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(1):50–59

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Movsas TZ, Wong KY, Ober MD, Sigler R, Lei ZM, Muthusamy A (2018) Confirmation of luteinizing hormone (LH) in living human vitreous and the effect of LH receptor reduction on murine electroretinogram. Neuroscience 385:1–10

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Movsas TZ, Sigler R, Muthusamy A (2018) Vitreous levels of luteinizing hormone and VEGF are strongly correlated in healthy mammalian eyes. Curr Eye Res 43(8):1041–1044

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amadio M, Govoni S, Pascale A (2016) Targeting VEGF in eye neovascularization: what’s new? A comprehensive review on current therapies and oligonucleotide-based interventions under development. Pharmacol Res 103:253–269

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Açmaz G, Ataş M, Gülhan A, Açmaz B, Ataş F, Aksoy H (2014) Evaluation of the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer, and choroid thickness in women with polycystic ovary syndrome using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Reprod Sci 21(8):1044–1049

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Souza-Júnior JE, Garcia CA, Soares EM, Maranhão TM, Lemos TM, Azevedo GD (2015) Polycystic ovary syndrome: aggressive or protective factor for the retina? Evaluation of macular thickness and retinal nerve fiber layers using high-definition optical coherence tomography. J Ophthalmol 2015:193078

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yener NP, Ozgen G, Tufekci A, Ozgen L, Aydin GA (2021) Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 31(9):1057–1063

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar