Garratt J, Siegelman ES. MR imaging of Müllerian anomalies. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2023;31(1):11–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2022.06.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sugi MD, Penna R, Jha P, Pōder L, Behr SC, Courtier J, et al. Müllerian duct anomalies: role in fertility and pregnancy. Radiographics. 2021;41(6):1857–75. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021210022.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behr SC, Courtier JL, Qayyum A. Imaging of müllerian duct anomalies. Radiographics. 2012;32(6):E233-50. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.326125515.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pfeifer SM, Attaran M, Goldstein J, Lindheim SR, Petrozza JC, Rackow BW, et al. ASRM müllerian anomalies classification 2021. Fertil Steril. 2021;116(5):1238–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.09.025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glanc P, O’Hayon BE, Singh DK, Bokhari SA, Maxwell CV. Challenges of pelvic imaging in obese women. Radiographics. 2012;32(6):1839–62. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.326125510.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xydias EM, Liasidi PN, Papageorgouli D, Tsakos E, Gouliopoulos N, Thanasas I, et al. Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound versus MRI in the diagnosis and classification of congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2025;312:114560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114560.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zafarani F, Ghaffari F, Ahmadi F, Soleimani Mehranjani M, Shahrzad G. Hysterosalpingography in the assessment of proximal tubal pathology: a review of congenital and acquired abnormalities. Br J Radiol. 2021;94(1122):20201386. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20201386.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dreyer K, van Eekelen R, Tjon-Kon-Fat RI, van der Steeg JW, Steures P, Eijkemans M, et al. The therapeutic effect of hysterosalpingography in couples with unexplained subfertility: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective multi-centre cohort study. Reprod Biomed Online. 2019;38(2):233–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.11.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hindocha A, Beere L, O’Flynn H, Watson A, Ahmad G. Pain relief in hysterosalpingography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(9):CD006106. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006106.pub3. PMID: 26387564; PMCID: PMC8504987.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kupesic S, Plavsic BM. 2D and 3D hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography in the assessment of uterine cavity and tubal patency. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;133(1):64–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.10.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Phelps A, Zapala MA, MacKenzie JD, MacKenzie TC, Courtier J. Magnetic resonance imaging of Müllerian duct anomalies in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(6):796–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-016-3583-1. Epub 2016 May 26. PMID: 27229498.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall-Craggs MA, Williams CE, Pattison SH, Kirkham AP, Creighton SM. Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: diagnosis with MR imaging. Radiology. 2013;269(3):787–92. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13130211. Epub 2013 Oct 28. PMID: 23942608.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Preibsch H, Rall K, Wietek BM, Brucker SY, Staebler A, Claussen CD, et al. Clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome: diagnosis of associated malformations, uterine rudiments and intrauterine endometrium. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(7):1621–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3156-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saleem SN. MR imaging diagnosis of uterovaginal anomalies: current state of the art. Radiographics. 2003;23(5):e13. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.e13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montoliu-Fornas G, Martí-Bonmatí L. Magnetic resonance imaging structured reporting in infertility. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(6):1421–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.04.005. Epub 2016 Apr 19. PMID: 27105717.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Qu H, Ning G, Cheng B, Jia F, Li X, Chen X. MRI in the evaluation of obstructive reproductive tract anomalies in paediatric patients. Clin Radiol. 2017;72(7):612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2017.02.002.

Article  Google Scholar 

Moore Simas TA, Hoffman MC, et al. Management of acute obstructive uterovaginal Anomalies. Committee opinion 779. American college of obstetricians and gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(6):e366–73.

Google Scholar 

Huebner M, DeLancey JOL, Reisenauer C, Brucker SY, Preibsch H, Fleischer S, Schoeller D, Stefanescu D, Rall K. Magnetic resonance imaging of vaginal support structure before and after Vecchietti procedure in women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018;97(7):830–7. Epub 2018 Apr 22. PMID: 29603118; PMCID: PMC6013412.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robbins JB, Broadwell C, Chow LC, Parry JP, Sadowski EA. Müllerian duct anomalies: embryological development, classification, and MRI assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;41(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24771.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Theodoridis TD, Pappas PD, Grimbizis GF. Surgical management of congenital uterine anomalies (including indications and surgical techniques). Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;59:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.02.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Romanski PA, Aluko A, Bortoletto P, Troiano RN, Pfeifer SM. Aqueous vaginal contrast and scheduled hematocolpos with magnetic resonance imaging to delineate complex müllerian anomalies. Fertil Steril. 2022;117(1):221–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vercellini P, Salmeri N, Somigliana E, Piccini M, Caprara F, Viganò P, De Matteis S. Müllerian anomalies and endometriosis as potential explanatory models for the retrograde menstruation/implantation and the embryonic remnants/celomic metaplasia pathogenic theories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2024;39(7):1460–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deae086.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonetti E, Anderson G, Duranti S, Ferrari F, Odicino F, Testa A, et al. Clinical features and surgical options of obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (OHVIRA) syndrome: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of prevalence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2025;171(1):152–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.70164.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Timmerman S, Stubbe L, den Van Bosch T, Van Schoubroeck D, Tellum T, Froyman W. Accessory cavitated uterine malformation (ACUM): a scoping review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103(6):1036–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14801.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oppelt PG, Lermann J, Strick R, Dittrich R, Strissel P, Rettig I, Schulze C, Renner SP, Beckmann MW, Brucker S, Rall K, Mueller A. Malformations in a cohort of 284 women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH). Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2012;10:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-10-57. PMID: 22906151; PMCID: PMC3489887.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

VanBuren W, Feldman M, Shenoy-Bhangle AS, Sakala MD, Young S, Chamie LP, et al. Radiology state-of-the-art review: endometriosis imaging interpretation and reporting. Radiology. 2024;312(3):e233482. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.233482.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dwyer PL, Rosamilia A. Congenital urogenital anomalies that are associated with the persistence of Gartner’s duct: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(2):354–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.10.815.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar